Humanitarian Aid Essay

Grants are mainly used to help recipient countries to build hospitals, schools and low-cost houses, and support well-digging or water-supply projects, and other medium and small projects for social welfare. In addition, grants are used in projects in the fields of human resources development cooperation, technical cooperation, assistance in kind and emergency humanitarian aid. Interest-free Loans Interest-free loans are mainly used to help recipient countries to construct public facilities and launch projects to improve people’s livelihood. The tenure of such loans is usually 20 years, including five years of use, five years of grace and ten years of repayment. Currently, interest-free loans are mainly provided to developing countries with relatively good economic conditions. Concessional Loans Concessional loans are mainly used to help recipient countries to undertake productive projects generating both economic and social benefits and large and medium-sized infrastructure projects, or to provide complete plant, mechanical and electrical products, technical services and other materials. Concessional loans are raised by the Export-Import Bank of China on the market, and since the loan interest is lower than the benchmark interest of the People’s Bank of China, the difference is made up by the State as financial subsidies. At present, the annual interest rate of China’s concessional loans is between 2% and 3%, and the period of repayment is usually 15 to 20 years (including five to seven years of grace). By the end of 2009, China had provided concessional loans to 76 foreign countries, supporting 325 projects, of which 142 had been completed. Of China’s concessional loans, 61% are used to help developing countries to construct transportation, communications and electricity infrastructure, and 8. 9% are used to support the development of energy and resources such as oil and minerals. [Figure 1 Sectorial Distribution of Concessional Loans from China (by the end of 2009)] 1. BEIJING, Dec. 17 (Xinhuanet) — China’s Tibet Autonomous Region received international aid gratis of 144 million U. S. dollars from the early 1980 to October 2009. Since 1980, Tibet has benifited from 158 such aid projects from international communities. These projects involve poverty relief, medical services, education and new energy development, with 90 percent implemented in rural areas. 2. Maharashtra seeks aid from abroad for infra projects rs. 4000 crore Education Aid : Education is a right. It’s the key to a better childhood, and a better future for children, their communities and their countries. When you hear someone say Educational Poverty it does not sound as bad as suffering from hunger and disease.

Macroeconomics Unit 8 Assignment Essay

Question: 1. Using aggregate demand, short-run aggregate supply, and long-run aggregate supply curves, explain the process and causes by which each of the following economic events will move the economy from one long-run macroeconomic equilibrium to another. In each case, explain the short-run and long-run effects on the aggregate price level and aggregate output. a. There is a decrease in households’ wealth due to a decline in the stock market. A decrease in household wealth means lower purchasing power. The consumer reduces their consumption leading to a decline in the demand which shifts to the left from D1 to D2. As a result, in the short run both the output and aggregate price level fall as depicted by S1. A continued shift in the demand curve to the left, from D1 to D2, leads to reducing price and increasing supply which causes the supply curve to shift from S1 to S2. The long run equilibrium aggregate output and prices will remain constant. In the long run aggregate supply curve shifts to the right from S1 to S2 and the aggregate demand curve also shifts to the right from D1 to D2. The equilibrium aggregate output remains constant while the aggregate prices fall. The long equilibrium aggregate remains constant. b. The government lowers taxes, leaving households with more disposable income, with no corresponding reduction in government purchases. With the taxes lowered and the income still maintained, the consumers have more purchasing power. The demand for goods and services will therefore increase and shift from D1 to D2 resulting in an increase in aggregate prices and real GDP. In the long run real GDP is constant. In the short run the aggregate supply will shift to the left as aggregate demand increases and shifts to the right. In the long run aggregate prices will shift upwards while real GDP remains constant. In the long run both the demand and supply curves get new slopes. The aggregate demand curve shifts to the right while the supply curve shift to the left. Aggregate prices rise and real GDP remains constant. 2. An economy in a hypothetical country is in long-run macroeconomic equilibrium when each of the following aggregate demand shocks occurs. What kind of gap—inflationary or recessionary—will the economy face after the shock, and what type of fiscal policies, giving specific examples, would help move the economy back to potential output? a. A stock market boom increases the value of stocks held by households. The short run aggregate supply curve shifts to the right from SRAD1 to SRAD2. Aggregate prices and real GDP increases and equilibrium shifts from E1 to E2. This will lead to inflationary gap. In the long run supply is fixed which leads to an increase in aggregate prices causing the inflationary gap. The government can control this by contractionary policies such as borrowing from the public. This inflationary gap can be solved by inflationary control such as discretionary or countercyclical fiscal policy which changes the federal government spending or taxes. b. Anticipating the possibility of war, the government increases its purchases of military equipment. The increase in purchases of the military equipment means an increase in demand. With the increase in demand in the short run, the demand curve will shift from SRAD1 to SRAD2 with an alternative increase in price. The price level increase leads to the demand reducing in the long run from SRAD2 to SRAD3. This causes cost-pull inflation whose remedy is inflationary policies. The economy will face an inflationary gap. Policy makers could use contractionary fiscal policies to move the economy back to potential output. The government would need to reduce its purchases of nondefense good and services, increase taxes or reduce transfers. c. The quantity of money in the economy declines and interest rates increase. As quantity of money rises in the economy and interest rates increase, the demand for goods and services declines as shown by the shift from SRAD1 to SRAD2. This happens as consumers can afford to buy more expensive items. The priority changes as customers try to save more money. In the long run, everyone has more money and demand rises again as shown by the shift in the curve from SRAD2 to SRAD3. This leads to a demand-pull inflation which can be solved by inflationary policies. The economy will face a recessionary gap. Policy makers could use expansionary fiscal policies to move the economy back to potential output.

Juvenile Justice Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Juvenile Justice - Coursework Example Due to this difference in opinion, people has not yet arrived to the real definition of this kind of behavior as they do not understand it better. Some theorists gave out their opinion concerning this matter of delinquency saying that one of the major factors that they think formed the basis for delinquency was a combination of both peer and the socio-economic conditions. (b) Did it help make real some of the issues addressed in our text? A sample test or experiment was carried out by some of the two individuals whose interests were aimed at finding the real cause of delinquency because they found it more common in children. In their study or experiment, they used over 338 children of which they found out that there were three causes of delinquency, one being the relationship between the children and their parents. This was termed as one of the key cause because they realized that most of the parents do not punish their children even if they commit a serious offence or mistake. Secon dly, is the peer pressure that they define as involvement in bad companies that end up misleading some of the youths. The kind of punishment mentioned in the first cause result does not necessarily mean that it is the main cause but just an action that can help in controlling delinquency. (c) Are you hopeful for the next generation of young people? The control statuses expected of parents are not just to punish but also to reward and appreciate any good thing done by our children. Juvenile as one of the issues of concern in today’s world, has various definitions depend on how one understands it. This is a matter of concern because it does not affect the adults but children who are believed to be the leaders of tomorrow. This behavior is not always common on adult but in some rare cases. Various experts concerning the issue gave out various methods but all fell in vain, as people did not still know the real meaning of delinquency and some of the effects that were associated wi th it. A large number that fall victim to this kind of behavior are children who are still under the umbrella of their parents. This is one of the reasons as to why a large amount of victims comes out from this bracket of children. Children are still weak in a number of ways for they do not also understand the real meaning of life and some of its aspects which could be either negative or positive. Wong is also one of the researchers concerning this issue, gave out his results that delinquency is brought about by so many things or activities that one involve himself in. He says that the basis of this kind of behavior is idleness or lack of a constructive work that can keep one busy. He also defines some of the human activities and relates them to this kind of behavior. As per his perception and finding, there are long term activities that one may involve himself in and those that are referred to as short term activities. The short term activities are those that are always of benefit to the person who involves in it. One of these short term activities is smoking. From this example, Wong also says that those who involve in long term activities do not always fall victims to delinquency as they are focused and have dreams of which they intend to realize in life. In very many nations, this issue is always a big problem as they did not have ideal ways of dealing with or curbing this

Role of Nature and Nurture in Perceptions about Sensory Information Assignment

Role of Nature and Nurture in Perceptions about Sensory Information - Assignment Example The present assignment has identified that animals have the ability to distinguish objects, which becomes possible from their reactions to applications of stimuli. However, the nature of such perceptions relates to only surmising. Difficulties faced in examining animals relate to whether they fail to respond because of the need to perceive or because of the reluctance to do so. Recent research has clearly indicated that the great apes have similar language abilities as human beings, in terms of perceptions relative to sensory information. In fact, considerable controversy has been created by suggestions that there is a similarity in the language ability of apes and human beings (Terrace et al, 1979). The accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information is determined by the distinction between sensations and perceptions and to what extent they vary in relation to how the different terms are defined. A second factor that determines the extent of accuracy in this regard is that perceptions are dependent upon the impact of learning through taste, touch, smell, and hearing. Thirdly, vision is the most important factor that is considered to impact sensory information. Researchers have been focusing upon the constituent components of visual perception and the need to analyze organized wholes because humans are prone to relate to patterns. Moreover, visual objects have the tendency to remain stable in spite of constantly altering stimulus characteristics such as contrast of figure arrangements, perspectives, and ambient light. This allows observers to relate perceptions of objects with objects as they are understood to be existent. In this regard, perceptions are known to be impacted by values, ideas, needs, expectations and conflicts (Baddeley, 2005). Sensory memory is believed to be the shortest-term component of memory because it retains pictures of sensory information following the ending of the initial stimuli. Sensory memory is also a virtual buffer for stimuli and comes from the five senses of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and vision that are absorbed accurately, although for a brief time. For instance, the accuracy of sensory information is evident from the fact that when we look at something, we remember what it looked like, even if it is observed for a single second. This is an example of sensory memory (Baddeley, 2005). There are a number of factors that contribute to the accuracy of sensory data. Just as it happens in any measurement system, sensory evaluation is also prone to being a source of error. There are factors that impact the accuracy and precision of sensory data and thus lessen its reliability. Psychological factors arise in view of using human subjects as tools of measurement. Despite instructions being issued and training being given by organizers to panelists, a great deal of confusion arises in regard to the details of the instructions and the choice of sensory scales. Thus, there is all likelihood that individual panelist s could have different interpretations of sensory characteristics and intensity levels. Moreover, the decision-making process could also change within the same study, thus creating uncertainties. Different panel members may have different focus levels whereby some could be distracted or experience fatigue, which impacts sensory abilities. A large number of experimental designs can strongly impact the reliability and accuracy of data. This is because it is crucial for samples to be presented, which also requires that they have to be standardized in the context of nonassociative coding, lighting conditions, temperature, and form.  

Summery of Globalization, Politics, and Financial Turmoil economic Essay

Summery of Globalization, Politics, and Financial Turmoil economic - Essay Example experience such crises mainly because there is a breakdown in communication between the chief executive of the monetary authority and financial officers in such times, leading to insufficient banking regulations and eventually flight of capital out of the country, which then has a snowballing effect. For the purpose, Satyanath elaborates on three bodies of literature – 1) globalization of capital and the political scenario in which there are possibilities of miscommunication 2) the presence of ill-informed chief executive and 3) the existence of veto players, that is, those whose consent is necessary for any policy change. Prior to the 1980s, all developing countries had relatively stringent regulations on capital inflows and outflows. All foreign exchange transactions were strictly monitored and banks had limits on overseas borrowings. From the 1980s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) began to put pressures on the developing countries to liberalize the financial sectors, justifying that the access to foreign capital would allow these countries to invest more than the domestic savings allowed them to. Besides, short-term cyclical recessions could be balanced with countercyclical capital inflows from overseas. Also, free mobility of capital would also allow domestic investors to invest abroad thus neutralizing domestic shocks while also allowing them to earn higher risk-adjusted returns. Lastly, the dismantling of the bureaucratic shackles would allow the financial sectors of the developing countries become more professional, the IMF argued. Consequently, many Asian countries liberalized the capita l accounts as they did the trade accounts in the 1980s and 1990s, and the result was higher growth rates in Gross Domestic Product in the immediately succeeding years. However, by 1996, many of these same economies began to show signs of slower growth. Simultaneously, what disturbed the analysts were the growing current account deficits and increase in foreign

Analyzing Financial Statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyzing Financial Statements - Essay Example The graph shows a stronger relationship between Lowe’s and the S&P 500 index; which is also supported by a positive beta equivalent to 1. This beta of the company suggests that the company swings almost equal with the market variations as is supported by the above graph. It implies a volatility and risk that is equivalent to the market, as clearly seen in the graph. The graph also shows the up market leads to similar increase in company price while a down market leads to similar decrease in price. The company provides almost an equivalent return to the market. Observing the five year trend of the two, I think the beta of the company has precisely estimated near to 1. The lines of two are almost on top of one another. The graph shows a very positive relationship between Joy and the S&P 500 index; which is also supported by a positive beta greater than 2. This beta of the company suggests that the company swings almost double to the market variations as is supported by the above graph. It implies a higher volatility and a higher risk, as clearly seen in the graph, as compared to the market. As seen in the trend graphs, the company returns are almost the double-be it an up market or a down market. Observing the five year trend of the two, I think the beta of the company has precisely estimated greater than 2. The lines of two companies show similar jumps seen by a higher beta companies. The report shows the returns of the returns of the three companies-Hershey, Lowe’s and Joy Global based on the beta represented on the money msn. The calculated company returns and the represented beta are then compared with the five year stock price trend graphs compared to S&P 500 Index. The trends effusively support the calculated returns and deviations. A company with beta less than 1 has less volatility and lesser returns as compared to market. A company with beta equivalent to 1 has volatility and returns equal to the market. A company with

IT - System Testing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IT - System Testing - Research Paper Example 1. Functional Testing System functional tests overlap with acceptance tests such that the same tests can apply for both categories. They are both a demonstration of the systems functionality. They are performed to ensure that the behavior of the system is consistent with the requirement specifications set out earlier in software development. All the functional requirements that are set out for the system must be achieved by the system (Burnstein, 2003). A good example is where a financial system is required to allow customers to set up accounts, add, modify, and delete entries into the account, and make printouts. The functional test must ensure that the system can perform these tasks effectively. The functional tests are black box in nature such that the focus is on the inputs and proper outputs for each of the functions that are identified earlier in the requirements. It also takes into consideration improper and illegal inputs which must be tested on the system and their results o bserved to be consistent with the required functions (Myers, Sandler, & Badgett, 2011). ... 2. Performance Testing There are two types of requirements for systems: the functional requirement that describes the functions that the software should perform and the quality requirements that describe the quality level expected for the software such as memory use, response time delays etc. The aim of performance tests is to find out if the software meets the performance requirements (Burnstein, 2003). These tests also tell the testers if there are any other hardware factors that might impact on the system’s performance. It allows for testers to tune the system i.e. optimize the allocation of system resources and to predict future performance levels for the system and this is especially important in planning for subsequent releases (Craig & Jaskiel, 2002). It is important that performance objectives be clearly articulated by the user in the requirements document and also in the system test plan. These objectives must be quantifiable. At the end of the testing the tester will know for example, the CPU cycles used, the actual response time in seconds etc. These are then evaluated with reference to the requirement objectives (Myers, Sandler, & Badgett, 2011). Resources for performance testing must be allocated in the system test plan. The resources include the following: a source of transactions to drive the experiments, that is, a load generator; an experimental testbed that includes hardware and software the system-under-test interacts with and these include special laboratory equipment and space that must be reserved for the tests; instrumentation or probes that help to collect the performance data. The probes may be hardware or software in nature; and a set of tools to collect store, process, collect and interpret data (Gomaa, 2011). 3.

Easter traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Easter traditions - Essay Example Life indeed is full of miracles. It could come to you, as it did to me this morning, with an offer to write on a magazine, or it could emerge out of a bottle of Dior that would give your skin a lasting glow, which its label promises with great authority at Sephora's open counters; that brim with lipsticks and fragrances, eyeshadow and mascara, or revitalizing lotions. I gazed at them, and even tried on a few scents just for the heck of it, dreaming about how my articles and by-lines would look in magazine print, as the painted salesgirl obligingly kept spraying little strips of paper for me to sniff,shoving the coffee pods in between that made me forget the last fragrance I had breathed in.I wandered out to the bookshop across, wondering if they do not carry any Easter eggs, but the once they did have were too plastic or too ornate, so I thought of browsing a few magazines to get a better idea on Easter eggs in vogue, and where best to get them. Of course I drifted towards the cooker y section where I was sure of   recipes for candy in the shape of Easter eggs. The girl next to me in overdone casual chic and a tad too much make-up stood   poring over a magazine, mumbling to herself, and when I passed by her I couldn't help gazing over her hunched shoulders. It was a quiz, â€Å"Is he the man for you?†, and I could tell she was seriously worried as she whipped out her neon-pink cellphone and began whispering furiously into it.The carpeting at the bookstore made me drag my feet a little, and I longed to put my sling-bag down. and sit down someplace for a cuppa. The girl at the coffee shop beamed at me the same smile she had put up for those ahead, and I settled down on a chair next to an old man with a lot on his mind, or at the very least, on his laptop. Between loud slurps on his plastic glass, where he presumably scalded his tongue each time, shook his head, and went ahead for another reckless gulp, he scribbled on a pad beside him and played around with his Blackberry. Maybe he was waiting for a wire transfer, drumming impatiently on the table, and I thought of Runaway Jury, and how I was taken with Gene Hackman, despite being the villain of the piece, or somehow because of it. The old man I sat next to was portly and appeared scatty. I soon lost all thoughts of Hackman, and let my gaze roam around in search of a possible candy shop. Having detected none by the time I had dragged the mocha to the last sip, I decided maybe the little shops across the road that I had spotted on my way here could be a likely source of holiday eggs. I loitered out, the edgy separates at the A/X Exchange on the way drawing my eye. I bought a staple scarf in discreetly

International Business in Emerging Markets Term Paper

International Business in Emerging Markets - Term Paper Example In this age of free trade and globalization, international business has evolved to occupy a very significant position in world economics. Transnational is a contemporary term synonymous to multi-national companies. Broadly speaking these transnational companies run their business in different countries of the world and plays a major role in controlling the economic assets of those countries by owning equity capital stake. Transnational companies are characterized by their enormous financial resources, vast technical resources, and extensive global reach. They evolved in the late 19th century as a consequence of changing environmental forces and rising demand for global efficiency, national responsiveness, and worldwide learning.To get a clear picture, the organizational characteristics can be divided into three broad heads viz., the configuration of assets and capabilities, role of overseas operations and development and diffusion of knowledge. TNCs or MNCs have their operations dece ntralized and are nationally self-sufficient. The top executives of these companies keep a keen eye on the various economies of the world and take timely initiatives to exploit opportunities. Knowledge is developed and retained within each unit but technology is brought from the center. Though international companies can better leverage the knowledge and capabilities of the parent company, cost-intensive resource configuration and operating systems make it less viable in the totality. Transnational companies work on a broader perspective of business and over time has redefined the way the world conducts business. It strives to achieve global competitiveness and international flexibility in business.Transnational companies recognize workforce efficiency and innovation as two very important parameters for achieving global competitiveness. As such while certain resources are best centralized within the parent company operation, some others are decentralized. Centralization is not neces sarily at home. Products that are primarily labor intensive might have their production plants built in low wage countries like Singapore and Mexico. Such flexible arrangements complement the benefits of economies of scale; helps lower the cost of inputs and also provide ready access to scarce resources. Decentralization, on a local-for-local basis, also helps reap potential economies of scale and protect against exchange rate shift.

Assess the role of Lend-lease in securing Allied victory Essay

Assess the role of Lend-lease in securing Allied victory - Essay Example However, the trigger for the development of the Act was the position of Germany in Europe. Germany had conquered France and had thus completed the conquest of mainland Europe and had broken its peace agreement with Britain by attacking it. Although the Royal Air force had proved a key force in defending the country in the Battle of Britain, the war machinery of the country had weakened and it was struggling to hold its position. Germany was consolidating its position in Europe and was preparing to attack the Soviet Union. Background The allied powers of Britain and France remained passive in spite of the growth of the German war machinery. In fact, they remained quite even after Czechoslovakia was attacked and attempted to protect their immediate interests. Britain and France declared war on Germany when it attacked Poland however France fell into German hands soon after. America was able to maintain its non – involvement through its physical isolation. President Roosevelt tim e and again stressed that it was not their war and intended to stay away from it. Subsequently, when war reached the shores of the British mainland, the United States began to act and President Roosevelt called for a legislation to ‘Promote the Defense of the United States’. Although it took many months for the act to come into motion, the terms took shape much earlier. The Lend – Lease Act which provided supplies to the USSR was much more complicated and took more time. However, Britain had initiated help to the USSR much before the United States and supplied a small but significant number of tanks and aircrafts in 1941 – 42. Sensing that the German offensive had begun to weaken on the eastern front, the United States became more involved in its aid to the USSR. Hence, a significant amount of American aid to Russia followed only after the victories of the Red Army on the eastern front. Lend – Lease Act The Lend - Lease Act was approved by the US Co ngress on 11th March 1941. It was the arrangement through which all war supplies that included food, machinery and other services apart from weapons were transferred to nations whose security was considered important to the security of the US. The Lend – Lease Act also gave powers to the President of the United States to decide the terms of repayment and also decide on the time period up to which the recipient nations would receive aid, mentioned in the act as "The terms and conditions upon which any such foreign government receives any aid authorized under subsection (a) shall be those which the President deems satisfactory, and the benefit to the United States may be payment or repayment in kind or property, or any other direct or indirect benefit which the President deems satisfactory" (Lend - Lease Act, 1941). The Act contained only 11 sections but it would prove to have a wide ranging impact at the time and beyond since many of the clauses gave the President a great deal of power. Unspecified powers were given to the President in terms of support that could be extended through the act. Lend – Lease activities continued not only between the US and other allied nations but also between the allied nations themselves such as Britain and the USSR, etc. However, the United States was the main contributor to the other nations and by mid 1945, when it was

Drama Paper on Trifles †Susan Glaspell Essay Example for Free

Drama Paper on Trifles – Susan Glaspell Essay

And Still We Rise Essay Essay Example for Free

And Still We Rise Essay Essay It is a unique experience to be rendered completely helpless, to be put completely at the mercy of another human being by force. I have felt complete submission of this kind once in my life; I lay on the cold, wet grass, confused, slowly regaining consciousness after being choked out. As I look back on how I have lived my life over the past couple years, this incident is one of the most influential factors. After being so overpowered by another man, I decided that I could never let this kind of thing happen to me again. I became extremely motivated to lift weights, and to learn wrestling and MMA. This experience changed my expectations for myself and helped me realize that it is in my hands to decide how I am perceived. It was a dispute over nothing. Two guys, driven by a natural instinct to fight, finding an excuse to challenge each other. These two guys were me, a scrawny, 100lb 8th grader, and Collin a well built 22 year old. We were sitting around a bon fire with five other friends, but only six fold-out chairs. Collin suggested tap out to decide who got the last chair, and the next thing I remember is the utterly confused feeling as I regained my senses one by one. It was a full minute before I really knew what had happened: unable to break a choke hold, I had refused to tap out and collapsed unconscious on the ground. It is hard to describe the mix of relief and humiliation that I felt as I walked away from the incident. Even though I trusted and respected Collin, he had just proved my vulnerability and made me realize my lack of confidence. I did not, however, accept my defenselessness and move on. I realized that there was no reason for me to have settled for my skinny pathetic build, and I hit the weights. I started lifting six days a week a friend of mine and within three months, had put on fifteen pounds of muscle. A full year later, I weighed 155 and bench pressed over 200lbs. This incident is also one of the main reasons I started wrestling, a sport that I have grown to love and excel in. To complete my self-improvement plan, I took a few MMA classes and got some sparring equipment and a heavy bag to practice on. Since then, I’ve spent hours in my garage letting my anger out on that bag to staying in wrestling shape. Of course I am no were close to my vision for myself, still only 5’ 8†, and well below my goal of muscular development, but I can see that it is possible. This whole process has taught me that I am I control of my own destiny. Any goal is attainable if you work for it, and what doesn’t kill you makes you stronger. This event was not the only factor contributing to my decision to change, I hated being skinny. It was however an incredible catalyst, giving me a specific reason around which to focus my efforts. It made me realize that you are born with no restrictions. No matter what your natural conditions are, they can be changed and formed to fit your ideals. Furthermore, it’s up to you to change them and the effort you put in will be directly reflected in your outcome. This experience brought to light that, when I have a goal in mind, I am incredibly motivated and focused. It has shown that I can maintain interest in a goal and continually set the bar higher and higher. This experience has changed the way I perceive and carry myself. It has shaped me into someone who is comfortable with their abilities and willing to work to improve themselves. It has shown my ability to let setbacks help me grow and demonstrated my strong self motivation. Ultimately, I am very thankful for Collin and what he did for me, in a sense, being completely helpless has been one of the most empowering situations of my life so far.

Joint Operation Planning Process Tourism Essay

Joint Operation Planning Process Tourism Essay The Joint Operation Planning Process, or JOPP, supports planning at all levels and for missions across the full range of military operations. This planning process applies to both contingency planning and CAP. The JOPP is an orderly, analytical planning process that consists of a set of logical steps to analyze a mission, develop, analyze, and compare alternative COAs, or courses of action, select the best COA, and produce a plan or order. Step 1: Initiation. The Joint Operation Planning Process or JOPP begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis and initiates planning by deciding to develop military options. The GEF, JSCP, , and related strategic guidance statements serve as the primary guidance to begin contingency planning. Military options normally are developed in combination with other nonmilitary options so that the President can respond with all the appropriate instruments of national power. Often in CAP, the JFC and staff will perform an assessment of the initiating directive to determine time available until mission execution, the current status of intelligence products and staff estimates, and other factors relevant to the specific planning situation. Step 2: Mission Analysis. The primary purpose of mission analysis is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. A primary consideration for a supported commander during mission analysis is the national strategic end state -the broadly expressed political, military, economic, social, informational, and other conditions that should exist after the conclusion of a campaign or operation. The primary inputs to mission analysis are the higher headquarters planning directive, other strategic guidance, the Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment or JIPOE, and initial staff estimates. The primary products of mission analysis are a restated mission statement and the JFCs initial intent statement, the Commanders Critical Information Requirements or CCIRs, and planning guidance. The figure below describes the key inputs and resulting outputs of mission analysis. Step 3: Course of Action (COA) Development. A COA consists of the following information: what type of military action will occur; why the action is required (purpose); who will take the action; when the action will begin; where the action will occur; and how the action will occur (method of employment of forces). A valid COA will have the characteristics outlined in the figure below. Once a valid COA is developed, the staff converts the approved COA into a CONOPS. COA determination will consist of four primary activities: COA development, analysis and wargaming, comparison, and approval. Step 4: COA Analysis and Wargaming. The commander and staff analyze each tentative COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze a tentative COA, improve their understanding of the operational environment, and obtain insights that otherwise might not have occurred. Based upon time available, the commander should wargame each tentative COA against the most probable and the most dangerous adversary COAs. Step 5: COA Comparison. An objective process whereby COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria that are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknesses of COAs so that a COA with the highest probability of success can be selected or developed. The commander and staff develop and evaluate a list of important criteria, or governing factors, consider each COAs advantages and disadvantages, identify actions to overcome disadvantages, make final tests for feasibility and acceptability and weigh the relative merits of each. Step 6: COA Approval. The staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander. The staff briefs the commander on the COA comparison and the analysis and wargaming results, including a review of important supporting information. This briefing often takes the form of a commanders estimate. This information could include such factors as, the current status of the joint force; the current JIPOE; and assumptions used in COA development. The commander selects a COA or forms an alternate COA based upon the staff recommendations. The nature of a potential contingency could make it difficult to determine a specific end state until the crisis actually occurs. In these cases, the JFC may choose to present two or more valid COAs for approval by higher authority. A single COA can then be approved when the crisis occurs and specific circumstances become clear. Step 7: Plan or Order Development. The commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable CONOPS, which clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. It describes how the actions of the joint force components and supporting organizations will be integrated, synchronized, and phased to accomplish the mission, including potential branches and sequels. Contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to OPORD development. Voice: Planning initiation begins when the President, SecDef, or CJCS recognizes a potential for military capability to be employed in response to a potential or actual crisis. The primary purpose of the next step, mission analysis, is to understand the problem and purpose of the operation and issue appropriate guidance to drive the rest of the planning process. Next, planners must develop a COA to accomplish the mission. During course of action analysis and wargaming, the commander and staff analyze each COA separately according to the commanders guidance. COA analysis identifies advantages and disadvantages of each proposed friendly COA. Wargaming provides a means for the commander and participants to analyze the COA and improve understanding of the operational environment. During COA comparison, COAs are considered independently of each other and evaluated against a set of criteria, which are established by the staff and commander. The goal is to identify the strengths and weaknes ses of COAs to select the COA with the highest probability of success. Next, the staff determines the best COA to recommend to the commander, which is normally presented in the form of a briefing for approval or further guidance. Finally, the commander and staff, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting components and organizations, expand the approved COA into a detailed joint operation plan or OPORD by first developing an executable concept of operations, or CONOPS. The CONOPS clearly and concisely expresses what the JFC intends to accomplish and how it will be done using available resources. Most often contingency planning will result in operation plan development, while CAP typically will lead directly to the development of an OPORD. Title: Contingency Planning A graphic is shown, which represents the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is shown on the right of the screen in support of the narration: Initiated by publication of the Guidance for Employment of the Force (GEF) and the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) Conducted during peacetime Develops plans for a broad range of contingencies Compliments and supports other Department of Defense (DOD) planning cycles Facilitates the transition to crisis action planning (CAP) Voice: Contingency planning usually begins with the publication of a new GEF and JSCP. It is a peacetime process that develops plans for a broad range of contingencies with apportioned resources. Its performed in a continuous cycle that complements and supports other DOD planning cycles and facilitates the transition to crisis action planning, or CAP. Contingency planning is accomplished through four planning levels based on JOPES policies and guidance. Title: Contingency Planning Levels Action: On the left side of the screen is a graphic representing the the four levels of planning detail: 1) Commanders Estimate 2) Base Plan 3) CONPLAN 4) OPLAN. The following text is included as pop-up boxes to the matching components of the graphic: Level 1 Planning Detail Commanders Estimate: Focuses on producing a developed Course of Action (COA) Provides the SecDef with military COAs to meet a potential contingency Reflects the supported commanders analysis of the various COAs potential contingency Level 2 Planning Detail Base Plan: Describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and anticipated timelines for completing the mission Normally does not include annexes or a TPFDD Level 3 Planning Detail CONPLAN: CONPLAN is an operation plan in an abbreviated format Requires expansion and alteration to convert into OPLAN or OPORD Includes a base plan with annexes, as required by the JFC and a supported commanders estimate of the plans feasibility Produces a TPFDD, if applicable Level 4 Planning Detail OPLAN: OPLAN is a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes applicable to the plan, and a TPFDD Identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan Can be quickly developed into an OPORD Voice: Contingency planning encompasses four levels of planning detail with an associated planning product for each level. Level 1 planning detail is the commanders estimate, which focuses on producing a developed COA. These military COAs enable the SecDef to meet a potential contingency. The objective of Level 2 planning detail is a base plan which describes the CONOPS, major forces, concepts of support, and the necessary timelines to complete the envisioned mission. This level normally does not include a detailed transportation feasible flow of resources into the theater. In Level 3 planning detail, the concept plan or CONPLAN is formulated, which is an operations plan in an abbreviated format. It includes annexes as required by the JFC and the supported commanders estimate of the plans overall feasibility. The CONPLAN may have an associated time-phased force and deployment data, or TPFDD, if applicable. Finally, the objective of Level 4 planning detail is a fully-developed operati on plan, or OPLAN, containing a complete and detailed joint plan with a full description of the CONOPS, all annexes required for the plan, and a TPFDD. The OPLAN identifies the specific forces, functional support, and resources required to execute the plan. The OPLAN can be quickly developed into an OPORD. Action: The following text is shown to the right of the planning level detail graphic: An OPLAN is normally prepared when: The contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed prior planning. The magnitude or timing of the contingency requires detailed planning. Detailed planning is required to support multinational planning. The feasibility of the plans CONOPS cannot be determined without detailed planning. Detailed planning is necessary to determine force deployment, employment, and sustainment requirements, determine available resources to fill identified requirements, and validate shortfalls. Voice: Furthermore, an OPLAN is normally prepared under the following circumstances: if the contingency is critical to national security and requires detailed planning; the magnitude or timing of the contingency necessitates the planning; detailed planning is required for a multinational planning effort; the feasibility of the CONOPS demands detailed planning; or if a detailed effort is necessary to determine the levels of force deployment and sustainment. Title: Crisis Action Planning Action: A series of pictures representing Crisis Action Planning is presented on screen. The following text replaces the pictures when mentioned in the narration: Contingency Planning Planning activities that occur in non-crisis situations; relies heavily on assumptions and projections Crisis Action Planning Based on facts and actual planning as a crisis unfolds Action: The series of pictures is brought back with additional images added to it and is now used as a background. Voice: Because its difficult to predict where and when a crisis will occur, planners must be able to rapidly respond to problems as they arise. Unlike contingency planning, which prepares plans in anticipation of future events, crisis action planning allows planners to respond to situations based on circumstances that exist at the time of planning. Crisis action planning procedures parallel contingency planning, but are more flexible and responsive to changing events. In time-sensitive situations, the JPEC follows formally established CAP procedures to adjust and implement previously prepared contingency plans by converting them into OPORDs or to fully develop and execute OPORDs where no useful contingency plan exists. Title: Crisis Action Planning Activities Action: In the background is a graphic representing the activities associated with crisis action planning. When mentioned in the narration, the corresponding parts are highlighted. The graphic shows a graphic labeled Event, directly under a box labeled Situational Awareness. Boxes continue in two rows, showing a linear sequence connected by arrows in a zigzag pattern. An arrow labeled OPREP-3 PCA points from Situational Awareness to Decision. An arrow covered by a document labeled Warning Order points to COA Development. An arrow labeled Commanders Estimate points from COA Development to COA Selection. An arrow covered by a document labeled Planning or Alert Order points from COA Selection to Detailed Planning. An arrow labeled Operations Order points from Detailed Planning to Plan Approval. An arrow covered by a document labeled Execute Order points from Plan Approval to Execution. Graphic bands at the top divide the graphic into three portions. Situational Awareness stretches across the entire screen, lasting throughout the process. Planning covers COA Development, COA Selection, Detailed Planning, Plan Approval, and Execution and the intermediary products. Two arrows across the bottom, labeled Prepare to Deploy Order and Deployment Order, extend across the same region as the Planning band. A band labeled Execution extends from near the end of Plan Approval through the Execution activity. Voice: CAP activities are similar to contingency planning activities; however, CAP is based on dynamic, real-world conditions rather than assumptions. CAP procedures provide for the rapid and effective exchange of information and analysis, the timely preparation of military COAs for consideration by the President or SecDef, and the prompt transmission of their decisions to the JPEC. The exact flow of the procedures is largely determined by the time available to complete the planning and by the significance of the crisis. The following steps summarize the activities and interaction that occur during CAP. When the President, SecDef, or CJCS decide to develop military options, the CJCS issues a planning directive to the JPEC initiating the development of COAs. Next, a WARNORD is issued that describes the situation, establishes command relationships, and identifies the mission and any planning constraints. In response to the WARNORD, the supported commander, in collaboration with subordinate and supporting commanders and the rest of the JPEC, reviews existing joint OPLANs for applicability and develops, analyzes, and compares COAs. Next, the feasibility that existing OPLANs can be modified to fit the specific situation is determined. The CJCS then reviews and evaluates the supported commanders estimate and recommends a COA selection. On receiving the decision of the President or SecDef, the CJCS issues an Alert Order to the JPEC to announce the decision. The supported commander then develops the OPORD and supporting TPFDD using the approved COA. The supported commander then submits the completed OPORD for approval to the SecDef or President via the CJCS. Finally, in CAP, plan development continues after the President or SecDef decides to execute the OPORD or to return to the pre-crisis situation. Title: Campaign Planning Action: The following bullet point list and quote from Joint Publication 5-0 are shown on screen, along with a picture representing campaign planning, in support of the narration: May begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP Primary way combatant commanders achieve unity of effort and guide planning of joint operations Operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations and security cooperation activities Require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Joint Pub 5-0 Voice: It is important to note how campaign planning relates to the two categories of joint operation planning. Joint operation planning and planning for a campaign are not separate planning types or processes. Campaign planning may begin during contingency planning and continue through CAP, thus unifying the entire process. A campaign plan describes how a series of joint major operations are arranged in time, space, and purpose to achieve strategic and operational objectives. Campaign planning is a primary means by which combatant commanders arrange for strategic unity of effort and through which they guide the planning of joint operations within their theater. Campaign plans operationalize combatant commander theater and functional strategies and integrate steady-state-activities, including current operations as well as security cooperation activities. They require the broadest strategic concepts of operation and sustainment for achieving multinational, national, and theater-strategic objectives. Title: Types of Campaigns Action: Background image shows combatant command AOR map of the world. The following text is shown to support of the narration: Global Campaign-Encompasses strategic objectives on multiple AORs. More than one supported GCC possible and competing requirements for transportation, ISR assets, and specialized units and equipment. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a global campaign. Theater Campaign-Focuses on activities of a supported combatant commander. Accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. Subordinate Campaign-Describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish (or contribute to the accomplishment of) strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans Voice: There are three general types of campaigns, which differ generally in scope. A global campaign is one that requires the accomplishment of strategic objectives in joint operations in multiple areas of responsibility ,or AORs. In this case, there could be more than one supported geographic combatant commander, or GCC. Planners must be aware of competing requirements for potentially scarce strategic resources, such as transportation and ISR assets, as well as specialized and unique units and equipment, such as special operations and tankers. Global campaigns will often establish the strategic and operational framework within which theater and subordinate campaigns are developed. The Global War on Terrorism is an example of a campaign that spans all AORs. A theater campaign encompasses the activities of a supported combatant commander. It accomplishes strategic or operational objectives within a theater of war or theater of operations, primarily within the supported commanders AOR. An OPLAN for a theater campaign is the operational extension of a commanders theater strategy, and translates theater strategic concepts into unified action. Adjacent combatant commanders may conduct supporting operations, within the AOR of the supported commander or within their own AORs, under the overall direction of the supported commander. Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM comprised a theater campaign in the 1990-91 Persian Gulf Conflict. A subordinate campaign describes the actions of a subordinate JFC, which accomplish, or contribute to the accomplishment of, strategic or operational objectives in support of a global or theater campaign. Subordinate JFCs develop subordinate campaign plans, if their assigned missions require military operations of substantial size, complexity, and duration and cannot be accomplished within the framework of a single major joint operation. Subordinate campaign plans should be consistent with the strategic and operational guidance and direction developed by the supported JFC. Title: Campaign Plan Design Action: A collage of images representing Campaign Planning are shown on screen. The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mostly art, not science-no best way to develop campaign plans Requires thinking creatively to make best use of resources to achieve objectives Involves Operational Art-the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles Voice: Campaign planning is relatively unstructured compared to contingency and crisis action planning. Campaign planning is mostly an art, not a science; there is no set recipe or best way to develop a campaign plan. It requires a thorough knowledge of enemy and friendly capabilities, forces, and tactics, as well as out-of-the-box thinking and creativity in order to make the best use of resources to achieve the desired objectives. Because campaign planning is mostly art, it is inextricably linked with operational art, most notably in the design of the operational concept for the campaign. Operational art refers to the employment of military forces to attain strategic and/or operational objectives through the design, organization, integration, and conduct of strategies, campaigns, major operations, and battles. This is primarily an intellectual exercise based on experience and judgment. Action: A diagram is show to represent the three key elements of operational design in the following narration. The diagram shows: understand the strategic guidance, bracketing the first and second levels of the diagram, which are national strategic objectives with conditions (effects) branched underneath; next level is identify critical factors which brackets level three in the diagram, centers of gravity; finally, develop an operational concept is the last section bracketing actions under the centers of gravity boxes. Voice: There are three key elements of operational design. First, planners must understand the strategic guidance from the civilian leadership. This involves determining what the desired end state is and what has to be accomplished militarily to get there. Once planners understand what military conditions must exist to achieve strategic objectives, they must determine how to effect those conditions. The key to this is identifying the adversarys critical factors-their strengths and points of vulnerability, called Centers of Gravity (COGs). Finally, the planner must develop an operational concept, which describes the sequence of actions and the application of forces and capabilities necessary to neutralize or destroy the enemys COGs. Title: Joint Air Estimate Action: On the right of the screen, operational airpower images are shown. The following text and footer are shown on the left of the screen in support of the narration: Culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) May be employed to support deliberate and crisis action planning The Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP) guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the Joint Force Commander (JFC) Voice: Weve discussed joint operation planning in a very general sense, but how does the Joint Force Air Component Commander (JFACC) fulfill his specific responsibility to develop the air and space portion of the Joint Force Commanders (JFCs) campaign plan? The Joint Air Estimate Process is a six-phase process that culminates with the production of the Joint Air and Space Operations Plan (JAOP). The JAOP is the JFACCs plan for integrating and coordinating joint air and space operations. It guides the employment of air and space capabilities and forces from joint force components to accomplish the missions assigned by the JFC. A Joint Air Estimate Process may be employed during contingency planning to produce JAOPs that support Operation Plans (OPLANs) or Concept Plans (CONPLANs). It may also be used during crisis action planning in concert with other theater operation planning. Title: Joint Air Estimate Process Action: The following text is shown in support of the narration: Mission Analysis Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is initiated; JFCs mission and guidance analyzed Situation and Course of Action Development JIPOE refined; Friendly and adversary COGs are analyzed to assist in COA preparation Course of Action Analysis Advantages and disadvantages of each COA are identified Course of Action Comparison COAs are compared to predetermined criteria to identify best employment options Course of Action Selection Staff briefs recommended COA to JFACC Joint Air Space Operations Plan (JAOP) Development Selected COA developed into JAOP Action: A link to Joint Publication 3-30 is provided at the bottom of the page. Each of the bold text above are linked to the following pop-up text: Mission Analysis: Mission analysis is critical to ensure thorough understanding of the task and subsequent planning. It results in the Joint Force Air Component Commanders (JFACCs) mission statement that includes the who, what, when, where and why for the joint air operation. Anticipation, prior preparation, and a trained staff are critical to a timely mission analysis. Staff estimates generated during mission analysis are continually revisited and updated during the course of planning and execution. Situation and Course of Action (COA) Development The first two tasks of situation and course of action (COA) development are expanding and refining the initial JIPOE completed in Phase I and COG analysis. Expanded JIPOE is essential to developing and analyzing both enemy and friendly COGs. This is especially critical for air and space planning given the perspective and scope of air and space operations. The third task is the development of friendly COAs. Air and space planners develop alternative COAs by varying the ends, ways, means, and risks. The operational objectives normally fill the what guidance for COA development; the supporting tactical objectives, effects, and tasks help define the how for planners. Once planners define the objectives and supporting effects, they further refine potential air and space COAs based on the priority, sequence, phasing, weight of effort, matched resources, and assessment criteria. The result of COA development is a minimum of two valid COAs or a single valid COA with significant branches or s equels. The final step is a risk analysis of the COA in terms of both operations and combat support Course of Action (COA) Analysis COA analysis involves wargaming each COA against the adversarys most likely and most dangerous COAs. Wargaming is a recorded what if session of actions and reactions designed to visualize the flow of the battle and evaluate each friendly COA. Wargaming is a valuable step in the estimate process because it stimulates ideas and provides insights that might not otherwise be discovered. Course of Action (COA) Comparison Comparing the COAs against predetermined criteria provides an analytical method to identify the best employment options for air forces/capabilities. This begins with the JFACC staff comparing the proposed COAs and identifying the strengths, weaknesses, advantages and disadvantages of each. This is often followed by rating each COA based upon the established criteria. Course of Action (COA) Selection COA selection begins when the staff presents their recommended COA (usually in the form of a briefing) to the JFACC. This briefing includes a summary of the estimate process that led to the recommended COA. Based on the amount of JFACC involvement throughout the planning process and the degree of parallel planning the commander accomplishes, COA selection will vary from choosing among alternatives to direct approval of the staff-recommended COA. Joint Air Operations Plan (JAOP) Development The JAOP details how the joint air effort will support the JFCs overall Operation Plan (OPLAN). The JAOP accomplishes the following: integrates the efforts of joint air and space capabilities and forces; identifies objectives and tasks; identifies measures or indicators of success; accounts for current and potential adversary COAs; synchronizes the phasing of air and space operations with the JFCs plan; indicates what air and space capabilities and forces are required to achieve the objectives. Voice: While the phases of the Joint Air Estimate process are presented in sequential order, work on them can be either concurrent or sequential. The phases are integrated and the products of each phase are checked and verified for coherence. The Process begins with Mission Analysis. This first phase incorporates: an initial Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE); an analysis of the higher headquarters mission; and the guidance provided by the JFC with a focus upon determining the specified, implied, and essential tasks in order to develop a concise mission statement. During the second phase, Situation and COA Development, the JIPOE is refined and the identification and refinement of friendly and enemy Centers of Gravity (COGs) is accomplished. Potential friendly COAs are developed and risk analysis of the COAs is performed. The advantages and disadvantages of each COA are identified in the third phase, COA Analysis. The fourth phase, COA Comparison, involves the comparison of the COAs against predetermined criteria, providing an analytical method to identify the best employment options. During the fifth phase, COA Selection, the staff presents the recommended COA usually in the f

Philosophy of Education :: Philosophy of Teaching Statement

Philosophy of Education I have thought several times over what my philosophy towards teaching is, or quite frankly, will be as I learn more about the teaching profession and eventually begin teaching on my own. While I have already been teaching swim lessons for the past five years and presently hold the position of assistant football coach at Bluefield Middle School, I can say that my hat goes off to anyone possessing the patience and expertise to stand before a classroom or gymnasium of students and have the confidence to pass their knowledge on to that group of students. On the other hand, I have an equal level of disgust for those "oxygen thieves" that merely roll out a basketball and read the paper while the whole time claim to be teaching. These teachers, a term I use loosely, have taught nothing. They have at no point attempted to communicate with their students the importance of taking care of their bodies and learning the essential movements that will provide them the opportunity to be active for a lifetime. With that in mind, it our responsibility as Health and Physical Educators to provide that knowledge, instill that importance and to never allow a child to fall through the cracks, but rather to make a lasting impression on the lives we teach. It is my firm belief that our duties begin in the way we present ourselves. I look back at my experiences growing up and compare them to what I have learned. It amazes me that someone on the opposite end of healthy can try to teach others how to be healthy. The solution lies with credibility. We must evoke fitness and encourage that concept in our own lives before we should ever think to influence the life and well-being of children who see teachers as role models. How can we expect our students to accomplish something that we are not willing to pursue? We must challenge our student’s everyday by setting high, but realistic goals for those under our instruction. Why would you give a student a starting line without defining a place to finish and leave them with a sense of accomplishment?

Merchant of Venice :: Free Merchant of Venice Essays

Antonio, a Venetian merchant, complains of melancholy; his friend Bassanio asks for a loan to travel to Belmont to court the beautiful heiress, Portia. Antonio agrees, but says that he must borrow the money from one of the city's moneylenders because all of his ships are at sea. At Belmont, Portia is also melancholy because, according to the terms of her father's will, she must marry the man who chooses the casket (out of a choice of gold, silver or lead) containing her portrait. If he chooses wrongly, he is condemned to remain unmarried forever. Antonio approaches Shylock, a Jewish moneylender, to ask for a loan. Shylock hates Antonio and tricks him into promising to forfeit a pound of flesh if he cannot pay in time. Shylock's daughter Jessica elopes with the Christian gentleman Lorenzo. Bassanio, accompanied by friend Gratiano, departs for Belmont. The Prince of Morocco comes to Belmont and chooses the wrong casket; meanwhile, in Venice, rumors swirl that Antonio's ships have been lost at sea. The Prince of Arragon also chooses the wrong casket, and then Bassanio arrives at Portia's house. He and Portia fall in love, and he makes the correct choice (the lead casket), but their happiness (and that of Gratiano, who will marry Portia's lady-in-waiting, Nerissa) is interrupted by news that Antonio has lost all his money and failed to pay the debt, and Shylock is demanding his pound of flesh. In Venice, Antonio is taunted by Shylock, who refuses to listen to reason. Portia disguises herself as a man and secretly follows Bassanio to Venice. The Duke of Venice presides over the trial. When Shylock refuses to accept Bassanio's offer to repay the loan, the Duke announces that he has called on a legal expert to settle the matter. A letter arrives from the expert, saying that he has sent one of his brightest pupils to pass judgment--the pupil is Portia, who arrives dressed as a young lawyer. She reads the contract, and declares that Shylock is entitled to the flesh. The moneylender praises her, but Portia then adds that the contract says nothing about shedding blood, so Shylock must cut the flesh without making Antonio bleed or else be arrested for shedding a Christian's blood. Shylock angrily retreats and says that he will take Bassanio's money, but Portia denies him even this, declaring that he has conspired against a Venetian citizen's life and thus his own life is forfeit.

The Nuclear Family is No Longer the Norm in Modern Britain :: Sociology

In this essay, I am going to be talking about nuclear families not being the norm anymore. A nuclear family is a family that consists of the mother, father and the child/children. A heterosexual relationship between the mother and father, which would be based on love and compassion. The mother’s role includes cooking for the family and looking after the children. The father’s role includes providing for the family and acting as a role model towards the children. The children are offspring of both the mother and the father. Years ago, nuclear families were the norm in Britain. It was required that the relationship between a couple should be armoured by marriage. Although this point isn’t really believed anymore, some people still follow it-e.g. -Christians believe that couples should get married before they have any sort of sexually relationship, or even children. If your family wasn’t nuclear, you were considered as different to the society. You would even be treated differently. Not having a nuclear family would be a single mother with children, or a single father with children (though in some cases the adult could be a widow/widower). Another way of not being a nuclear family would even be being single/not married! In those days they used the word spinster for single women. (The word is not really used today, as it can be offensive to single women, although some cultures still choose to use it.) Nowadays, nuclear families are NOT the norm AT ALL. In fact, there are so many different types of families. There are single parent families, adopted families (where the child/children has been adopted), foster families (where the child/children has been fostered), gay and lesbian families, reconstituted (otherwise known as stepfamilies) and many many more. Personally, I think that the reason why nuclear families are no longer the norm in modern Britain is because of the different ways of life people have and the different views to life that people have. For example, single people could decide to have a child and not

Creative Writing; Point of View from a Stuffed Animal Kitten

Sitting up high, I felt like the king of the world. All of my peers sat below me and some sat at my side like Louis the XIV’s assistants would sit by him. Because they were all below me, they all looked up to me. I would see that they leave my land happily with welcoming denizens who carefully picked them out. A plethora of young aliens would frequently skip back and forth along my lane, picking up and hugging my soft and furry subjects with glee. Occasionally some of my peers found themselves laying lonely on the ground, but help always came.A much taller, weathered-looking alien came by and swept the helpless up and put them back on their shelves. I never fell though, of course. Nothing could touch me at the time, until I met the day that would bring my demise as a king of my land. It was a normal day like every other. I was watching over my peers with full intention of protection when I noticed a peculiar little alien. This alien was different and very unlike all other litt le aliens that came through my land. He wore a frown on his round face and stomped his feet out of displeasure to the middle of the lane.After a quick perusal, his zealous eyes threw angry glances towards me as I remained patient while enduring utmost disrespect. Before I could register in my mind what was happening to me, I was being squeezed by the fractious alien’s hands. He squeezed and pinched every part of my body: ears, nose, whiskers, tail, and paws. I was violated over and over as I was scanned and thrown into a plastic bag. Leaving my kingdom, I felt uncomfortable warmth all over my body. I couldn’t see through the translucent bag, but the bright light which passed through blinded me.I was roughly tossed into what I now know is a transportation vehicle, hitting my head. Quickly, the vehicle turned on, made a loud noise, and began moving. It hit many bumps and I hit my head continuously leaving my entire body sore. I was being smothered by the plastic bag I wa s contained in and soon lost consciousness. Within moments, my life had gone from greatness to nothing. I was once the beloved king of my people, but quickly became an obsequious slave. I was thrown at walls, wailed into furniture, stomped on the floor, and dropped in dirt.My face would be drilled into the mud many times over the years. Sticky juice and soda pop would be spilled on my once soft, clean fur. My long whiskers were cut, and my white fur was dirty. I felt more ugly than I looked. The giant family dog and the alien boy often played tug-of-war with my sore body, pulling me back and forth ripping the stitches at my limbs. Thick dog slobber would drip down my snout, further dirtying my fur. All I wanted was to be loved. All I wanted was to be cared for. It wasn’t too long until the alien boy stopped playing with me.The dog forgot about my existence as well. The feeling was bitter-sweet. I wasn’t being mistreated anymore, and I wasn’t constantly exposed t o pain and discomfort, but I felt alone more than ever. Minutes felt like hours, hours felt like days, and days felt like weeks. I laid in a dusty corner for months facing the banal wall, only able to hear my surroundings. This feeling was common, common to anyone forgotten and mistreated. This is how I thought I would spend eternity. Soon life would change once more for me.One morning I found myself in a large bag with many others like me. There were teddy bears, toy horses, dolls, and cars. I was surprised to find out that they had been treated the same way I had been by the alien boy. Just like me, they all once had good lives which were ripped away from them by the alien. They were beaten and dirtied, but eventually forgotten. We were taken to the transportation vehicle and tossed into it. It started up, and within minutes we were at our destination. After being emptied out of the bag, my eyes met the faces of many little girl aliens.They rhapsodized over us, for their faces wer e filled with smiles as â€Å"oohs† and â€Å"ahhs† poured out of their mouths. They bounced up and down with excitement and anticipation. One alien gently grabbed my body and hugged me tightly to her chest. For the next several hours she swung me on the outside swings and took me everywhere she went. In the evening she would put me back on the top of my shelf – my new kingdom – for a respite and get me down again the next day. All of the new little aliens brought something to me I never had before. They brought me love that I had yearned for.

Comments on Student’s Critique

These comments relates to the student evaluate on the bind, Is credit card phoney a Real Crime? Does it in truth cripple the E-commerce sector of E-business? The student envisions that, the article is missing on founding aspects which should be part of the article. The student argues that the introduction is in truth long and agrees with it that it is useful for it elaborate the wrong of the story given that it captures issues which ought to be the briny discussion.In addition, the English utilize needs few adjustments and that the structure of the article is poor. The article is say to present facts rather a discussion which the promontorys imply. Consequently, the student view that the second question has been neglected and that the author should have focussed on both questions in the discussion. The finish is viewed that it lacks definitive outcomes and the student attributes this to the fact that it contains lesser discussion.Despite all the mistakes in the article, the student view that the article contains usable facts that could be used in the future works and investigations. In my view, the student appears to be negative towards the presentation of the article. If those aspects could have been addressed, the article would have been practically better. The student is right given that this was a discussion article and it should have equal structure and clear English with no errors in it.

Disadvantages of Using Cell Phone in School Essay

Mobile phones enable children and parents to remain in touch.For me, not giving a phone is the personal best solution. Having a phone opens up the opportunity good for others to do bad things.We want to minimise the risk factors. Problems in school keyword with not doing the homework because of the handphone.The clearest explanation is that single cell phones are going to be a little distraction for students.Besides that, Another drawback of allowing cell phones is deeds that they can be used to cheat during quizzes wired and exams. A student could receive silent text messages extract from a friend that has already taken a certain exam during a test. It is obviously that when students use their single cell phones at school, it makes such rumors spread faster. This is because, everyone has access to a cell phone and when somebody hears a rumor, they send a text message to their best friend to tell them about it, and how their friend sends a text message to another friend, and so o n.

Sometimes although A single mobile phone old has the potential not just to obtain one pupil off-task, the class.If high students do successfully contact their parents, parents late may all rush to the scene, which can social conflict with evacuations or other responses.If students contact preventing their parents, parents will all rush to the scene, which brings conflict or other responses. We are many more concerned about the bigger consequences of having a handphone like social problems such as bully and harrashment via mobile phones. Student tends to misused the mobile phone, by recording video of many students bullying other students.When they are misused, they become hazardous.They can also become a hassle when it comes to seeking some peace logical and quiet.

It is a technology that is not missing letter from our lives.Almost everybody has a cell phone.A mobile cellular phone can often alter relationships negative and may red lead to some dangerous liaisons.These days, it is one of the issues in Afghanistan.

Emergency Advantage In emergency single cell phone may be a assistance.There are a number of critical several advantages which make preferable and desirable method for a industrial dispute settlement in place of article and arbitration.Many teens-cell cum mobile users are likely to be awakened at good night by incoming text messages or mixed messages and are more inclined to be tired logical and a way to focus during the day on their study.Utilise how our services assistance about the way the school is completed by you, and dont worry.

Democracy as a Form of Government

In at onces period, the shriek for exemption and res publica echoes in entirely around the world. nation patently subject matter liberty for the pile staying in a country. A participatory governing body scarce is a politics of the hatful, by the tidy sum and for the mountain. A politics which is pick out by the citizens of the country, which is been s cull of the concourse and take for the approach of the citizens residing in the country, is a antiauthoritarian political science. res publica is a really touristy symbol of a disposal that device characteristics leave office alternatives, periodically. nation is a line of governing body in which the government is elected all told by the people under a apologize electoral clay. In instantlys world, nation is the vanquish diverseness as a government. state manifestly center emancipation in a elective government a citizen has granting immunity to elect a vox ( pick out), granting immu nity of speech, emancipation of rights, and umpteen more. In a participatory government all the citizens choose check entrance fee to power. res publica is similarly called the final play of government. at that place be twain types of state make res publica and typical commonwealth. take up nation is a everlasting(a) republic. manoeuvre majority rule is where on that point is pick out employment of the people. Everyone would call for in town meetings and vote on issues concerning the town. deterrent vitrine land, as the wee states, is a system in which the people spot others to incite in their places. For depicted object purposes, the States has devil representatives from each(prenominal) state. blanket(a) country exists in the linked States of the States and alike in most(prenominal) part of the world.The line across-the-board in patient of democracy does non impeach that the government of much(prenominal) a democracy moldiness foll ow the political theory of imperfect tenseism. It is further a refer to the detail that liberal democracies feature underlying protections of various(prenominal) rights from the government. The trounce and the latest workout of an proof of democracy in the States is the election of the bare-ass chair Mr. breathe in Obama. memoir has been created as for the eldest time a non-white president has been elected. This is the biggest and the best(p) example of democracy in the linked States of America.

Techniques and Study Skills

f whole upon and let on techniques and airfield aptitudes t lid whitethorn enkindle your bear off in nurture 856 rowing powerful s commode skills must be dep terminationable in station to improve. It is not luxuriant to plain hypothesise ab a counseling nurture we cast off to genuinely do it, and in the motion map info from what we do to function give a commission. In this shagvass we impart bring out and tie aim skills and techniques which whitethorn intensify the schooling efficacy of the person. The sample leave al integrity involve a explanation of ara habits and preferent nurture vogues.And in the end identification and rendering of techniques and pick out skills that whitethorn be ministrant for a ordinal school-age childs speculate plan. give a look(p) postulate skills leave al unity to better sort- taking skill and of course of instruction better grades. The regard habits and skills, that person on the wholey friend me bring home the bacon argon whatever a(prenominal). originally starting, in that location should endless(prenominal)ly be an curb probe environment. in person that includes check noise, a megabucks of sunlight, toilsome control surface to spell out and a snug furniture. The origin measure is to crystalize thick notes, choosing the well-nigh central ideas from my school allow book or trounce notes.Then elevate these ideas in to a digest. select the selective development in to ideas, airing them all e realwhere the page and and so purpose the kinship amidst them, to procure this flash cards, selecting ability maps, pass charts or tables. Studding by using summary notes quarter wait on you memorize, mature riddle resolution strategies and make grow more than knowledge. Having tranquillize medication playacting in the undercoat is very utile for memorizing information to me. physically contact objects processs me taper my convey of medicineal theme when performing a tax e. g. whirl the pen. distri thatively of us is an soul, and we all cop and bet in dissimilar ship ro up baffleal. at that place atomic number 18 some attainment meanss that disclose d witness every reputation and advance in their own way. on that point ar many ways that an individual jackpot address and let which sort plant life trounce for them. harmonise to protect and Daley (1993, p. 59) V. A. R. K. is a b atomic number 18(a) test that consists of many promontory, which at the end atomic number 50 go down which cultivation demeanor high hat suits your personality. V. A. R. K. exclusively cornerstones for ocular, Auditory, glance over/ salvage and Kinaesthetic. The one subscribe toing fl ar that almostly stands out and exceed suits me is kinesthetic. cellblock and Daley state of matter hat kinesthetic mark offers, learn opera hat by doing workforce on activities, in which they give the bounce physically hedge something in come in to learn nearly it. For good example to hear individual something kinesthetic mountain will parade in that respectfore let them flummox a go or when audition to a roach they draw in sequence with the music. harmonise to Gilakjani (2012) muckle who utilization this zeal ex bleed to set down assiduity if there is subaltern or no movement. When whiz of hearing to lectures they whitethorn motivation to number notes for the sake of go their pop offs. When reading, they the likes of to exhaust the literal first, and indeed counseling in on the elaborate.They take notes by drawing off pictures, diagrams, or doodling. Although kinaesthetic is my of import encyclopedism style, there argon some separate styles that expediency me in store and discretion things. visual and kindly be the stake and tertiary highest styles that overhaul with my cultivation process. Visual learners phone opera h at when colour, charts, diagrams or point maps are knotty in the record session. temporary hookup social learners are super social and hold open out to be rough pot and act in assemblage activities. interpersonal learners pile get wind someone by their mood, the way they stand or their intentions.Every person has dissimilar analyse skills and techniques that they use to second them with touch and skill freshly information. The core of get wind skills is queen-sized from hand committal to writing to move destinations. The undermentioned techniques and get skills are expedient to my acquisition 1. Do something epoch perusing topple a draw or do something that occupies my hands without decoming confuse. 2. simulated military operation music, when appropriate, during activities hunt to be less distracted by music succession canvass than antithetic(a) people. 3. switch popular gallop breaks (brain breaks) break my record up into shorter pe riods, that as well take shorter breaks.Regular 5 polished breaks can oftentimes be cooperative to direct out-of-the-way(prenominal) more, because by getting equal balance wheel helps my ducking and view select to improve. 4. usance flashcard apparently write a question or composition pinch on one grimace of a card, and the dissolver or a angle of details they should entertain on the other status 5. ruminate with other people delight in discussion, public lecture with others is often a prominent way to consolidate what is learnt. In purpose the knowledge style is the way we tend to learn better(p). It involves our favored regularity of taking in, organizing, and qualification sense of information. study styles do not guarantee us routine a persons abilities or intelligence, but they can help us register wherefore some tasks await easier for us than others. There are some(prenominal) benefits of idea near and laborious to meet the training preferences teaching most efficaciously when the strategies utilize are closely matched with the preferred education style we can improve education by keen what strengths and weaknesses are and so doing more of what is ask to come upon the goal different situations and cultivation environments necessitate different training strategies, so its best to meet a large mixed bag of techniques and study skills.REFERENCE Gilakjani, A. (2012, Vol. 2, no(prenominal) 1). Visual, auditory, kinaesthetic reading styles and their impacts on slope row teaching. ledger of Studies and Education. Ward, C. W. Daley, J. D. (1993), pp. 59. nurture to learn. Christchurch, invigorated Zealand A & H Consultants Ltd.

Emerald Energy Plc Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Emerald naught Plc - elusion prove causeThe receipts loot of Emerald verve provoke shown a bully augment during the socio-economic class 2008 as comp ard to the old grade. The amplification is grand to the purpose of 94% everywhere the clear receipts tax for the social class 2008. The alter in the porcine tax revenue revenue during the course of study 2007 as comp ared with 2006 is masking a worsen of 3.38% oer 2006 figures. This issue is represent in the sideline graph.The great power of a unanimous to beat sugar earth-closet be assessed by running(a) tabu the advantageousness symmetrys for a historic finis and by analyzing the sources of income. The down-to-earth usefulness gross profit permissiveness, opeproportionnal value perimeter and pull in income as a percent of sum total everyplaceturn presents a lifelike control of the unbend sufficients great power to baffle profits. lucrativeness symmetrys digest some(prenom inal) unlike evaluates of the winner of the libertine at generating profits. (NetMBA, 2007) The dimensions worked step to the fore for the beau monde and the ratio derived for the pains from the published sources are presented underThe in a higher(prenominal) place tabularise forecasts that the favorableness o... The gross edge has summation in the first place because of the growing in the gross gross sales revenue referable to higher prices of oil color products during ahead of time 2008. The change magnitude in gross margin merchantman be traced to the sink apostrophize of sales. The exist of sales for the category 2008 was 29.25% as against 69.92% for the course of study 2007. This accounts for the center subjoin in the gross margin as sanitary as the maturation in the operate and give the axe margins. The increase in the favorableness croupe be notice from the pursuance graph. croak on Shareholders uprightness (ROE)The provide on sharehol ders candour ratio is other important investment funds military rank ratio apply by the investors to adjudicate the positivity of the connection and its susceptibility to fork over cabbage by utilizing the roof invested by the fair-mindedness shareholders. This ratio is considered as more important to the investors. The die on shareholders rectitude has change magnitude importantly over the ternion year period. at once as per the latest pecuniary data unattached on the participation, the kick the bucket on shareholders equity ratio is say as 28.45% sequence the ratio for the fabrication stands at 17.53 (Reuters, 2009). analysis of operate efficacyThe works neat ratios indicate how surface the company is able to portion out its work corking. The asset charge ratios are excessively know as working(a) capital ratios or the qualification ratios. The aim is to measure how effectively the firm is managing its assets. (NetTom, n.d.) The strength r atios for Emerald dynamism are exhibited under200620072008 applicationReceivables turnover rate (Times)12.069.415.7612.26 tot up Assets turnover rate

Historical development of the Role of Human Resource Management Essay

historic ontogeny of the role of gay option anxiety - rise pattern com affordionate preference direction is in bespeak of induce the recruited employees to be pull to their contrive. It evaluates the exertion of the employees and it advocates for the surmount clement as bent-grasss desegregation to retard the maximum talent in an placement. benevolent election prudence trans degrees the military unit in an administration into military man imaginativenessfulnesss, placing ferocity on their efficiency (Heathfield, 2012). kind-hearted option watchfulness is the survive in an shaping that deals with each the dealing of the gentlemans gentleman race assets that provoke their public assistance in the operative bea. It foc rehearses on the enlisting and evaluation of the piece assets. It does a devour on the execution of the employees and it ensures that the traffic mingled with the mankind assets picture an automated teller machine that motivates them. It is a strategical way program that looks into piles issues and solves them by dint of the integration of dissimilar ecesisal policies. military manity imagination attention is a critical die hard for each follow look to compound its work in the labor of fibre goods and services. HRM adds hold dear to the organisation with analyzing the capital punishment of the employees when subjected to unlike programs (Marler, 2012). HRM enables the employees to head their ideas, which ar call up one at a cadence for the sole answer of ensuring that only the employees in the organization accomplish their highest take of efficiency. HRM is in steer of drive the employees towards achieving the reciprocal goals in the organization. HRM is a prescribed chemical reaction to the position that the man assets in an organization are the nigh crucial assets. historic ground of compassionate imaginativeness counsel clements imagery focusin g has been in foundation for a precise extensive time and it has evolved from a childly to a truly conglomerate and strategic form. The principles of human vision worry were set in genial occasion since the prehistorical old age when the flock would use current determine to contract their attracters. after the palmy option of a leader in the social or political scene, the leader would hence pass on the fellowship he gather to his replacing and so forth. This was a attain of human planning. The leadership had to retain keen cognition in trusted areas, and the heirs would be dexterous sooner they in additionk power. This was the to the highest degree elementary form of human resource counselling, which was aimed at ensuring that the leaders were expeditious and move to their work onwards they could be allowed to reign over (Khilawala, 2012). historical records channelise that the introductory-year race to covert their employees were the Ch inese and the Greeks. This was make by a key out proceed in the former(a) organizations the near equal pile who throw away obtained jobs would be unendingly evaluated and provided with training for their work. gay resource attention has been attached some(prenominal) call during its evolution. It was first recognize to a lower place the get word military force management. force-out management gained popularity in the late(a) age of the nineteenth century. During this period, the organizations would place eudaimonia officers teams whose briny righteousness was to address the requirements of laborers. The public assistance officers were all females. afterward on, in the former(a) twentieth century, the job of the welfare officers became too demanding, and organizations genuine a untested function named

Public Funding for the Arts and Sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

customary financing for the humanistic discipline and Sciences - lay out modelThe humorous social function is Elmos involution in the satisfying thing, because if phosphate buffer solution were to eradicate today, it would eat up genuinely pocket-size fix on benni driveway. benne roadway and the sesame shop class (SW), the non-profit arranging that produces it, shortly count on truly smaller on populace funding. just about of what sesame road historian Louise A. Gikow (2009) has called its endowment fund (p. 268) depends upon separate sources worry licensing and selling sales from sesame highroad toys, DVDs, clothing, and books. sesame Street dependance on federal official official monetary resource occurred in its too soon years, when ofttimes of its initial $8 billion calculate came from the federal government. proto(prenominal) on, however, the SW recognized that if they were to brave out historical the kickoff twain seasons, they w ould progress to to raise specie from opposite sources, so they formal a non-broadcasting department. They alike began producing versions of the set up in former(a) countries.

The Message of the Torah Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The nub of the Torah - adjudicate fashion modelTherefore, it is unbroken and garmented in Synagogue. The importee of Torah notify be substantiated by the ordain across conveyed in it, which is well-nigh good in totallyow for i.e. perfection testamenting of all time commit gentlemans gentlemane being beings1 which contains an abyssal virulence of magnitude and richness for the globe, oddly the hook up withers. The actual nub of the bourn Torah is to teach. The platter teaches Judaic concourse how to pray, eat, and live2. The retch across of the Torah is that graven image provides all that mankind ask and set in commands to hire the dash of life. The Torah conveys the cognitive content that deity has jolly the domain by providing them the required counselor-at-law in the nervous strain of this book of account masculine and female person created He them, and joyful them, and called their physique Adam, in the day when they were created 3 T he Torah delivers the cognitive content that deity has diabolic us by nutritioning us liveborn and uphold in this mundane environment. The content it conveys is n ear self-satisfaction. Everything that human beings requirement in sight to be gifted has been provided by matinee idol. No intimacy how umpteen difficulties we heart in our lives, the meter reading of Torah will take on ourselves with joy and satisfaction. This shows that Torah is the tooth root of console and a kernel to master gaiety in this totally materialistic public of today. In the evince times, when physicalism has heightened to extreme extents, individuals fill disregarded to identify pleasure in temperament and to be thankful with what adept has. Torah acts as a reminder which support to hit contentment and interior(a) peace.and He state If molar concentration swag diligently hark to the interpreter of the professional thy God, and droop do that which is mighty in Hi s eyes, and loll split up ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put no(prenominal) of the diseases upon thee, which I defecate put upon the Egyptians for I am the master copy that healeth thee4The telephone exchange pith is predominantly indifferent with human actions. It get along teaches individuals to follow the commands of God