Practical and Research Project

Organizational Psychology Essays - Behavioural Sciences, Free Essays

Hierarchical Psychology Essays - Behavioral Sciences, Free Essays Hierarchical Psychology Hierarchical Psychology Hierarchical brain research varies from customary brain research. Hierarchical brain research centers around the gathering part of brain research and goes somewhat further. While concentrating on bunches authoritative brain science likewise takes a gander at every individual in a gathering to help take care of issues. ?Authoritative brain research is a field that uses logical strategy to more readily comprehend the conduct of people working in hierarchical settings? (Jex and Britt, 2008, p. 1). This paper will characterize hierarchical brain research, clarify the job of research and insights in authoritative brain research, and depict how hierarchical brain science can be utilized inside associations. Hierarchical brain research assumes a significant job to any association that exists. Authoritative Psychology Authoritative brain research is characterized as ?The investigation of the structure of an association and of the manners by which the individuals in it interface, as a rule attempted so as to improve the association? (Farlex, 2012). Authoritative brain research is regularly done in a conventional gathering setting, which assesses both the gathering setting just as distinctive individuals. Associations have a lot of qualities that workers are required to keep without the arrangement of qualities representatives would simply do their own things, and the activity would not complete (Jex and Britt, 2008). Jobs of Research and Statistics Research and insights assume a significant job of any association. Research is done to locate the best strategy for activity that an authoritative clinician should make to address a move. As per Jex and Britt, ?authoritative therapists frequently us deliberate research techniques to give hierarchical chiefs data with respect to workers perspectives? (2008, p. 21, para. 2). Research and measurements give answers to association. Without research and insights questions couldn't be replied. There are various sorts of information assortment strategies that help with research and insights these various information assortment techniques are observational, authentic information, overview research, and experimentation. First is an observational technique, which is utilized to examine the conduct of workers in associations. Information is gathered by watching representatives in the work environment and recording the perceptions. Perception is a straightforward method of gathering information, representatives go about as though they would on any ordinary work day precise data can be acquired. Second is authentic information. Chronicled information is utilizing the records that the association as of now has available about the representatives. This permits a hierarchical analyst to think back and ponder any employee?s history and right conduct or business related issues. Third is study explore. Review look into is the most widely recognized type of research. Review examine gets some information about their past practices, or activities in the working environment. Study research should likewise be possible to test various hypotheses in the work environment to perceive what works best inside the work environment. Fourth is experimentation. Experimentation is profoundly controlled and can give precise outcomes. There are three segments that comprise a genuine investigation these segments are control of a free factor and estimation of a needy variable, second arbitrary exploratory treatment conditions, and third most extreme control (Jex Without information assortment techniques research wasn't possible inside an association in this way no measurements would be accessible about an association. Authoritative Psychology in Organizations Hierarchical brain science can be utilized in associations in various ways. One approach to utilize authoritative brain research is to address any issues that may have emerged with representatives either with colleagues or with an individual from the executives. Another approach to utilize hierarchical brain research is to address the manner in which representatives are working. Hierarchical brain research can help right ones mentality towards the work environment. Hierarchical brain science can enable an association to turn out to be increasingly effective. Associations can likewise set aside cash utilizing authoritative brain research in light of the fact that an expert has come into the association and tackled issues that may emerge again sooner rather than later. This spares the association cash as well as time too. Authoritative brain science likewise helps increment client support when an association is running effectively the clients see and have a progressively lovely encount er managing the association. Authoritative analysts can likewise assist recruit with bettering individuals for the working environment, improve abilities, wipe out provocation and segregation, and encourage a group situation (Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2012). End Authoritative brain science is the focal point of working with an association or a gathering of individuals to take care of issues that may emerge inside that gathering of

The Best Homework Excel Help Online

The Best Homework Excel Help Online Fast Help with Excel Homework   Home›Fast Help with Excel Homework  Help with  Excel Assignments OnlineIt is hard to imagine a skilled manger without the knowledge of Excel basics. However, if you are a student, most probably, you are not so good at completing the various projects in Excel. If you have to complete such an assignment, but your Excel skills are far from being perfect, consider purchasing Excel homework help from the experienced professionals working at QualityCustomEssays.com. All our writers possess ground knowledge in Excel and have access to other software, so you can be sure that placing the order here, you will get the best excel assignment help.Sometimes, doing the excel exercises may take a few hours or even days. If you lack time or knowledge to cope with this task effortlessly, feel free to visit our service and ask “Please, do my excel homework.” Our writers can gather and sort out the data, as well as present the results found in the form of graphs an d charts. We love working in excel since this task greatly improves the time-management and multi-tasking skills. Our customers admit that QualityCustomEssays.com is the best place to get help with the excel exercises since the writers and editors working here dedicate much attention to every single order.

Why Do An Internship This Semester - 1889 Words

I chose to do an internship this semester. Why? That is a question that I have been asking myself throughout these past sixteen weeks. What I came up with is probably what almost everyone says, to get credits for graduation. Other than that, I chose to do an internship so that I am able to learn more about the administrative side and accounting side of owning or managing a business. This directly relates to my personal and professional goals by, giving me the experience that I am going to need once I one day take over my family business, which is where I am interning at. As for other personal goals, it’s helping me achieve my goal of getting a college degree in business management and also two minors in accounting and human resource. But most importantly it has shown me how dedicated and organized you have to be in order to run and manage a business and that was one of my professional goals, to learn how to do that, and that is something that I am learning. I have learned so m uch from working this internship at my family company. I have learned that owing and managing your own business is not all peaches and roses, it is some serious hard work. While doing this experience, I have learned how to do mostly accounting things and also I was able to sit in with the executives during some of their meetings. The accounting side of it, I was taught how to go in and enter checks into Quick Books, I was taught how to fill out deposit slips and was in charge of making sure they gotShow MoreRelatedField Placement Reflection Report : Humber Business School1396 Words   |  6 PagesField Placement Reflection Report Humber Business School Global Business Management Placement Coordinator – Viji Prakash Employer: Position: Objectives: Describe your field internship objectives. The objective behind doing this internship was: †¢ To get Canadian Experience being an International Student. †¢ develop Connections and building my systems administration channel. †¢ To learn and get information about the Canadian Accounting framework. †¢ To work and additionRead MoreInternship abroad is good for students1396 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction. (Monique) In the latest centuries a lot of students are going abroad to do an internship for their study. They go (for example) to Spain, America, England or Australia and work (approximadiatly) for 5/6 months to gain experience in the work field. When they get back to the Netherlands they will start their normal study life again. An internship abroad is good for the students because it is good for their development, it is good to get knowledge, and last but not least it is goodRead MoreThe Field Of Journalism And Education1320 Words   |  6 Pagesand experiences. A journalist who desires to obtain a higher set of skills and more in-depth knowledge can do so by attending a university’s graduate program in the department of journalism or communications. In addition to graduate school, individuals seeking journalism as a potential career can enhance their skills through hands-on experiences in the field by applying for available internships. Furthermore, as a aspiring undergraduate j ournalist myself, it is critical that I, along with others inRead MoreEvaluation Of Academic Performance Action Plan1298 Words   |  6 Pagesmyself to achieve as minimum grades, two B+ and three A- for this semester and for Spring and Fall of 2017. So far, I have performed quite well on my exams and projects this semester. However, on one class I barely passed my first exam with a 70 even though I felt I was prepared to obtain a much better grade. Therefore, to achieve my goal of maintaining a GPA of 3.5, I’m tasked with preparing one week in advance for the exams on this particular course to achieve at least a final grade of B. InRead MoreI Am An Expert At The Store1664 Words   |  7 Pages Over the past three months at Talbots, I feel I have grown not only as an employee but also as a person. Talbots has given me the skills and information that I will need for my corporate internship and for my future. As my time at the store comes to an end, I feel it is important to evaluate myself on my performance at the store. I used the final evaluation sheet given to me by my professor and self-evaluated my performance. Overall, I would rate my performance at the store as outstanding, or aRead MoreInterning With The Fist Judicial District Of Pennsylvania1423 Words   |  6 Pagesfocusing on internal communications. Interning during the fall semester has been difficult at times; balancing an internship, full course load, and a job equals a lot of stress. Also, taking my capstone a semester early has added to a lot of pressure this semester. With all of my obligations, successfully managing my time has been extremely important. Now that it is the end of the semester, I am glad I took on many responsibilities this semester, because I was able to prove my hard work ethic to myselfRead MoreInternship At Metropolitan State University Of Denver1521 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms use different terms for the practicum experience, such as clinicals, externships, internships, hands-on experience, and so forth, but these terms basically mean the same thing (Makely, 2013). Enrolled as a Health Care Management student at Metropolitan State University of Denver, one of the requirements is to complete a 150 hour internship that is related to health care management. The internship is an opportunity to apply knowledge and skills that I have acquired during the classroom andRead MoreInternship Final Reflection And Log780 Words   |  4 PagesInternship Final Reflection and Log New Understandings Not surprisingly, this semester’s internship has posed the most obstacles and challenges but coupled with many new understandings, it has been my most productive. The end of any school year is busy and adding 45 additional hours of responsibility poses an arduous mission. In reflecting on my understandings, I realized that my internship experience could be compared to McTighe’s Understanding by Design concept. Ultimately, the goal of the internshipRead MoreSample Resume For A Canadian Experience Being An International Student1070 Words   |  5 Pages Objectives: 1. Describe your field internship objectives. The objective behind doing this internship was: †¢ To get Canadian Experience being an International Student. †¢ To understand how accounts are maintained in the company and to learn about management practices. †¢ Develop the communication skills and channels. †¢ To get familiar with working style in Canada. †¢ To work and addition involvement in the field in which I want to construct better profession. †¢ enhancingRead MoreI Interned For The Copa Shorts Film Festival Essay1014 Words   |  5 Pageswould be emailed whenever a new film was sent to me via a website called FilmFreeway. Because my internship was primarily an online one, my schedule was flexible, which gave me the opportunity to work at my own pace, rather than at a fixed time every week. I was work around 4-5 (maybe more, depending on how long the film is) hours a week, reviewing any films that came my way. Shelley, my internship supervisor, understood that I was a full-time student and made sure that I was given ample time to

Physical Therapy ( Pt ) And Occupational Therapy - 969 Words

Physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) are two careers that help people heal and rehabilitate. PTs and OTs may seem similar at a glance, but they have just as many differences. The job descriptions and history vary, but the salary, and requirements are fairly alike. They both take much skill and expertise, but few people actually understand the difference between the two. Therapy is the treatment of disease or disability through rehabilitation processes. Both physical and occupational therapists treat patients who have injuries or disabilities. A physical therapist treats patients with specifically physical disabilities. They help patients recuperate from pain and injuries, and they are also a huge part of the†¦show more content†¦They help theses people relearn how to perform everyday activities, like getting dressed and brushing their teeth. PTs and OTs must both be strong, encouraging, and nurturing. For the patient, being unable to do something is frightening, and relearning how to do certain activities can be difficult. PTs and OTs are much needed encouragers and the quality of their work has developed throughout the years. Since day one, physical and occupational therapy have steadily progressed and evolved into crucial, prestigious careers. Physical therapy began around 460 BC. Hippocrates used hydrotherapy, which uses po ols or water for exercises and relief of pain, and massage treatment. Many universities started programs for massage and physical therapy. The industry grew during WWI because the war produced many injured soldiers who were in need of therapy. In 1921, the American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association, later the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), was founded by Mary McMillan, who became known as the â€Å"Mother of Physical Therapy.† The APTA official website describes the APTA as a professional membership organization that funds and releases research and fights legal battles for PTs (Who we are). Throughout the years, physical therapy has become a respectable career and has, and will, continue to grow as more research and

Happiness and Success in Islamic Concept Free Essays

string(403) " or perfection except by knowing and loving to the Master,there is only peace in remembering him, happiness and success is only by being closer to him and desiring to meet him in the life hereafter Discovering self for happiness In Islamic tradition, the â€Å"who am I\?† question in the broadest sense of the word is more important and comes prior to the strongly related subject of happiness\." Purification of heart and soul The human being is created of water and clay as we know but after that we have body and soul in it. People just care about body, what about soul? People do not care about soul, how to purify it, how to be closer to satisfaction, how to reach closer to happiness and success? Many people around the world suffering from stress, emotional diseases looking for the cure, but they are still hollow inside and don’t know how to find the cure. Try to recognize the sickness inside your own self. We will write a custom essay sample on Happiness and Success in Islamic Concept or any similar topic only for you Order Now ALLAH almighty in Quran focused on the importance of purifying the soul and heart. Try to recognize the sickness inside your own self. Quran Verses: ALLAH says in Quran: He has succeeded who purifies the soul, and he has failed who corrupts the soul. Surah Ash-Shams[91:910] So you have two choices either purify your soul, try to reach closer to the level of satisfaction or corrupt it. Purification comes from Zakat, Tazkiyah and Tazkiyah of naf’s. He also said: Go to Pharaoh, for verily, he is a transgressor. Say to him: Will you purify yourself? Surah An-Naz’iat [79:17-18] He has succeeded who purifies himself, who remembers the name of his Lord and prays. Surah Al-A’la[87:14-15] This is how purification is related to the success and happiness. We learn from these verses that our success and happiness in life here and hereafter depends on our spiritual purification. We must purify our hearts from environmental and spiritual diseases like greed, hatred, lie, pride, ignorance and other harmful worldliness diseases and try to adopt the spiritual virtues to help the environment and serve humanity by adopting justice, generosity, compassion and many more. Types of heart Sound and healthy heart ALLAH says in Quran: A day when there will be no benefit in wealth or children, but only in he who comes to Allah with a pure heart. Surah Ash-Shu’ara [26:88-89] The type of heart which is healthy and sound and only sake refuge from ALLAH and will rescue him on the Day of Judgment. The truth and secure heart is which is secure from shirk and work will all the love and desire that his actions are only for ALLAH’s sake by obeying his all orders and sayings. Their some question can come in someone’s mind that: Does all these activities done by man are just temporary, for to attain worldly things and desire for the sake of praise from the people? Was all these activities done without any fear of people? Was all the activities done just with the pure believe to serve the Master ALLAH almighty? Was all the actions done also to please the last Prophet (PBUH) of ALLAH. The 1st two questions requires sincerity (IKHLAS) that all the things are just for the Master and 3rd question requires to follow the foot step of last Prophet of ALLAH (MUTABAAH). None of our actions will be considered accepted if â€Å"Ikhlas† and â€Å"Mutabaah† both conditions do not met. Having sound heart it joins the ranks of truthfulness, secure, healthy and happy heart. We clean our house, when we invite someone to our house similarly clean your heart as if you want to invite ALLAH and have faith and patience. He will make all the doors of happiness and success open for you. Nobody knows your pain more than who creates us, nobody in this world cares for us as much as the ALLAH and HE is all knowing and most wise Indeed. Sick heart The diseased heart which is either closer to secure his dreams of world, secure his worldly life or very close to devastation. This heart only contains love of ALLAH, show trust and reliance upon him only for the sake of his worldly essentials. This heart only shows eagerness to attain his desires, the desires which only does exists in this temporary world. This heart also contains jealousy, arrogance, pride, self-amazement and corruption only for the worldly matters which does only make us much closer to destruction and devastation. Man just had forgotten his purpose of creation in this mortal world, ho forgot that each body part has a job, similarly a heart also had a job, and if it is sick it will not do his job properly . â€Å"Indeed ALLAH is the Guide of those who believe, to the straight path.† Dead heart This type of heart is dead, having no life. This heart does not follow any path else than then path which pleased him. This heart does not know about its Lord or Master, in short it is a slave of his own desires, action and activities. If he fulfills his dreams, he does not care about pleasing or displeasing of his Master (The one who creates him). If it loves, it loves just for the sake of his desires and if he hates it does only just for the sake of his own mean. In short his dreams are his master. He is a person of his own desires. The man with this heart is putting himself to the way to destruction and devastation. Soul: Soul is the essence of human body, the main importance as compared to other creations of ALLAH. Science does not reached about the soul, that what is the essence of the soul. When any living creator dies like an animal as compared to human there is no difference in its wait, but the moment when human dies, immediately there is a loss of wait that means something he is losing the moment he dies. Quran Says: Every soul shall have taste of death. (Surah Al Imran) In this world there is a life for the test of here after and every person shall have taste of death. ALLAH has created death and life to test which of you in good deeds (Suran Al Mulk) For there is no pleasure, sweetness, ibtihaaj or perfection except by knowing and loving to the Master,there is only peace in remembering him, happiness and success is only by being closer to him and desiring to meet him in the life hereafter Discovering self for happiness In Islamic tradition, the â€Å"who am I?† question in the broadest sense of the word is more important and comes prior to the strongly related subject of happiness. Happiness is not a goal to be pursued on its own, rather to be attained as part of realization of discovering and nurturing the self. As the subject of happiness is enclosed within the study of the â€Å"self†, it cannot be explained outside the term self or soul, (nafs) that includes a broad range of topics including the heart (qalb), spirit (ruh), intellect (aql), and will (irada) as well as human nature (fitrah) (Nasr, 2014). The nafs when mentioned in the Quran without any addition, refers to â€Å"self† and exists of three levels that are interconnected to each other (Schimmel, 1994, 184): nafs ammara (12:53) – The lower (animal) self, the carnal soul that incites to evil. nafs lawwama (75:2) – The struggling self. nafs mutma’inna (89:27) – The higher self at peace, the satisfied, peaceful God realized rational soul. Naquib Al-Attas (Philosopher) explains the two dimensions to happiness in Islamic understanding with two different terms – pleasure and true happiness. The self (nafs) attains â€Å"true happiness† from knowledge and good character (virtue) experienced by the rational soul (higher self) and â€Å"happiness of transient quality† from worldly (bodily) pleasures experienced by the animal soul (Attas, 1995, 91-92). However, comprehending and knowing the truth about the ‘self’ and God is not sufficient, one also needs to act according to this truth and therefore moral virtues are important (Khadduri, 1984, 82). The connection between happiness, success and moral virtues, Al-Kindi explains that in overcoming material and psychological causes of sorrow, material possessions and other worldly deeds are nothing compared to the cultivation of virtues. Virtues play an important role in the attainment of happiness related to this world and the hereafter (Nasr, 2014). Tawakkul on Allah and Ibadat for happiness success The person who possesses tawakkul attains the state of contentment. This person still faces the ordinary challenges of earthly life but does so in a state of inner contentment. As the Quran states explicitly, this is why the friends of God (the awliya?’), who have fully attained the stations of tawakkul and rida, are neither fearful nor sorrowful. For such people, even the fear of God is transformed into joy, for this fear is the beginning of wisdom, as stated by St. Paul and also in the famous saying (hadith) of the Prophet, â€Å"The fear of God is the beginning of wisdom†. 13 Performing obligatory ibadat requires self-discipline and sacrifice but result in happiness and success. As call of prayer (Adhan) states: Hayya ‘ala-l-Falah Hurry to success (Rise up for Salvation) Success of Muslim is to hurry for its obligatory duties which make him/her successful in this life and also in hereafter. Similarly, Sayyiduna Abu Hurairah has narrated that the Holy Prophet stated, ‘There are two glad tidings for the man who fasts; one at the time of sunset and the other when he meets his Rab.’ (Sahih Bukhari 255/1 # 1805) It is not however only the ‘ibadat themselves that bring about happiness; it is also our knowing that in performing them we are doing God’s Will and thereby experiencing the grace (barakah) that issues from the performance of sacred rites. In carrying out ordinary human transactions, or muy’a?-mala?t, in accordance with the Shary’ah, one is also doing God’s Will.14 The success of the self The success of the self, as explained in the Quran, lies in allowing the self to grow and one who disallows the self (soul) to grow, who destroys this growth, is describes as one who is in failure (91:7-10). The development of the self, that is given the capacity to distinguish right from wrong (91:7), includes falling and standing and making choices. This process of growth is not focused on making faultless, sinless, pure good creatures (angels) at the end (4:31). The highest stage in that sense that is aimed at, is the level where there is mutual satisfaction reached between the self and God but also within the self as a whole (89:27). Also for the success of a person soul and self the ihsan is necessary element. As mention in Quran â€Å"Verily Allah likes from a doer of an action that when an action is performed, it is made beautiful (yuhsinahu)† â€Å"Allah is good and only accepts that which is good.† Related by Muslim (no. 1686) Ihsan entails acquiring good character trait. Abu Hurayra reported that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, â€Å"I was sent to perfect good character.† Also, come in hadith â€Å"The best of you in Islam are those who are most excellent in character as long as you deeply understand the religion.† [Ahmad, Sahih] The person who possess the character traits of ihsan and does his/her work with perfection are true successful people. These traits are: No harming and reciprocating harm Do not envy what people have Trust in Allah (Twakkul) If a person have these traits that is close to Allah and most satisfied. Sufism The Islamic philosophers have also dealt extensively with the question of happiness, which they, like the Sufis, associate in its essence with the abiding and the enduring and, following the Quran, with paradisal realities and the Hereafter. Ibn Sna? [in Latin, Avicenna], the prince of the Islamic philosopher-scientists whose influence pervades all later Islamic philosophy, associates happiness with purification of the soul and knowledge of the intelligible world, the world of light, from which it descended into this world. In his famous â€Å"Poem of the Soul,† he writes,15 Why then was she [the soul] cast down from her high peak To this degrading depth? God brought her low; But for a purpose wise, that is concealed E’en from the keenest mind and loveliest wit. And if the tangled mesh impeded her, The narrow cage denied her wings to soar Freely in heaven’s high ranges; after all She was a lightning-flash that brightly glowed Momentarily over the tents, and then was hid As though its gleam was never glimpsed below. Ibn S?n?a? considers the happiness of the soul to be the result of the process of the soul to reach, through self-purification, the state of tajarrud, which can be attained not only in the Hereafter, but also in this life. Purification prepares the soul for the attainment of that knowledge that results in true happiness.16 The Attainment of happiness and success (Conclusion) To understand and attain happiness is different thing. All religion and cultures know how to achieve transient happiness and success. But real challenge is achieving permanent happiness and success in this world and hereafter. In Islam, as in other authentic religions, that permanent state of happiness is attained by gaining not the freedom of the passionate self to receive whatever it desires, but freedom from desire and from the passionate self. 17 To attain permanent happiness, we must, therefore, remember who we really are, where we came from, why we are here, and where we are going. We must detach ourselves from fleeting pleasures and joys and seek permanent joy by attaching ourselves to the spiritual world, which is our original home and the only place where we shall attain permanent happiness. We must die before we die; die to the world here and now in order to gain eternal felicity in the life of the spirit and the intellect understood in its traditional sense. We must experience the happiness that issues from faith (ma?n), which provides for us security (aman) from all that would deprive us of happiness. Through faith, correct actions, prayer, and realized knowledge, we must break all the walls of ego, we must do so through compassion, charity, and through karam, which are bound to love and independent of selfishness and self-centeredness that are impediments of the attainment of happiness. Bibliography Nasr, S. (2014). HAPPINESS AND THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Law and Religion, 29(01), pp.76-91. (Alfarabi, â€Å"The Attainment of Happiness† 75) There is a partial translation of this work by Claude Field, The Alchemy of Happiness of al-Ghazzali (Chicago: Kazi Publications, 2007). The critical edition of this text is edited by H?usayn Khad?w? jam (Tehran: Shirkat-I Saha?m-yi Kita?bha?-yi Jb, 1354 SH). There is also a later edition of this text edited by Manu?chihr Da?nishpazhu?h (Tehran: Ahl-i Qalam, 1381 SH). Altiner, s. (2015). Happiness. Theology and Religious Studies.   Ibn Altiner, s. (2015).   Ibn Altiner, s. (2015). Lino, C. (2018). Positive Psychology Theory in a Nutshell. [online] Positivepsychologyprogram.com. Available at: https://positivepsychologyprogram.com/positive-psychology-theory/ [Accessed 11 May 2018]. Riaz, D. (2018). [online] Szic.pk. Available at: https://www.szic.pk/journal/dec2015/4.pdf [Accessed 11 May 2018].   See Gul B?a?ba? Sa’?d? ?,? Farhang-i isti?la?ha? ?t-i ‘irfan-yi Ibn ‘Arab (Tehran: Intisha?ra?t-i Shaf,? 1383 SH), 356   Q. 2:201.   Al-Suhrawardy, Allama Sir Abdullah al-Mamun, comp., The Sayings of Muhammad (New York: Citadel Press, 1990), 63. Muhammad ibn ?Abd Alla?h Khatb? al-Tabr?z? ?,? Mishka?t al-Masa?bh,? trans. James Robson (1970; repr., Lahore: Sh.Muhammad Ashraf, 1981), 2:993 Nasr, S. (2014). HAPPINESS AND THE ATTAINMENT OF HAPPINESS: AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE. Journal of Law and Religion, 29(01), pp.76-91 Ibn ‘Arab, The Tarjuma?n al-ashwa?q, trans. Reynold A. Nicholson (London: Theosophical, 1978), 19, 67. ibid 80   The House of Yoga. (2018). THE RELIGION OF LOVE BY IBN ARABI. [online] Available at: https://www.thehouseofyoga.com/magazine/religion-love-ibn-arabi [Accessed 11 May 2018]. Arthur J. Arberry, â€Å"Avicenna: His Life and Times,† in G. M. Wickens, ed., Avicenna: Scientist ; Philosopher (London: Luzac, 1952), 28; See also S. H. Nasr, An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), 259–60. How to cite Happiness and Success in Islamic Concept, Papers

Term Paper by Jasim Essay Example

Term Paper by Jasim Essay Culture is an extremely broad and encompassing term. It includes what we have learned, our history, values, morals, customs, art, and habit. Marketing takes place within a given culture. Marketers should know that experience, history, values, morals, customs, art, habit, etc. vary within a given culture requiring different marketing programs. Not everyone in the same country or society shares the same behavioral pattern of the dominant or main culture. It clearly indicates that there are subcultures, such as those of northerners, southerners, city-dwellers, the poor, teen agers, elderly, religious groups and so on. The identification of a subculture may provide a firm with a segment of a market that it can develop. For example, products have been developed in great quantity for the teenage subculture, and advertising has been directed to these consumers. Each subculture, like a larger culture, has distinctive values, beliefs, and attitudes that the marketer must understand if he is effectively to exploit them. It is not always easy to identify differences among subcultures. It is easy to develop mistaken stereotyped notions about subcultures due to the lack of proper knowledge on subcultures. Marketers are interested in identifying any subculture as a potential market for their products. 1. Origin of the Report Dr. Md. Ashraful Islam Chowdhury, Professor, of Dhaka University, authorized this report in oral, as part of the course curriculum of Consumer Behavior (M-602). We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper by Jasim specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper by Jasim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Term Paper by Jasim specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is an individual assignment, which was assigned after a series of class lectures and presentations by the professor. 1. 2 Problem and purpose 1. 2. 1Problem StatementTo analyze the existing subculture in Bangladesh and take appropriate marketing strategy to reach them. 1. 2. 2Objectives of the study †¢ Understand the subculture context of Bangladesh †¢ Identify different types of subcultures †¢ Know how different subcultures affect buying behavior †¢ Explain Bangladeshi subculture for marketing decision making. 1. 3 A Preview of the Presentation To give an overview the report begins with a definition and explain what subculture is, then what are the subcultural groups prevailing in Bangladesh their characteristics , consumption pattern and the effective way to reach this subcultural group through marketing strategy. 2. 0 DEFINING SUBCULTURE Subculture is a part of the culture containing the important features of the main culture. In sociology, anthropology and cultural studies, a subculture is a group of people with a culture (whether distinct or hidden) which differentiates them from the larger culture to which they belong. If a particular subculture is characterized by a systematic opposition to the dominant culture, it may be described as a counterculture. As early as 1950, David Riesman distinguished between a majorities, which passively accepted commercially provided styles and meanings, and a subculture which actively sought a minority style. And interpreted it in accordance with subversive values. In his 1979 book Subculture the Meaning of Style, Dick Hebdige argued that a subculture is subversion to normalcy. Hebdige argued that subcultures bring together like-minded individuals who feel neglected by societal standards and allow them to develop a sense of identity. According to the definition of science dictionary A group within a society that has its own shared set of customs, attitudes, and values, often accompanied by jargon or slang. A subculture can be organized around a common activity, occupation, age, status, ethnic background, race, religion, or any other unifying social condition, but the term is often used to describe deviant groups, such as thieves and drug users. As there can be broad differences between the cultures of various societies, there can also be differences within the same culture. Every culture, therefore, contains subcultures, defined as groups that share the values and artifacts of the larger society, but also have distinctive practices, preferences, and beliefs. Businessmen living in the old part of Dhaka, cinema artists, and people living in the urban slums are all examples of subcultures. Islam is the dominant religion in the culture of Bangladesh; sunni, shiaa and Baahaai, for example, may be viewed as subcultures within the larger Muslim culture here in Bangladesh. Figure: Showing Subculture’s Relation with the Main Culture Main Cultural Behavior |Northern subculture | |Urban subculture | | | | | | |Religious subculture | | Berkman and Gilson have defined subculture for marketing purposes as any cultural patterning that preserving important features of the dominant society but provides values and life styles of its own. The cultural profile of a society or nation is a composite of two elements: 1) the unique beliefs, values, and customs subscribed to by members of specific subcultures and 2) the central or core cultural themes that are shared by most of the population, regardless of specific subcultural membership. 3. MAJOR SUB-CULTURAL CATEGORIES IN BANGLADESH 3. 1 Ethnic sub-culture The ethnic subculture is based on the nationality of one’s ancestors who have migrated to a new country. It (nationality) may form a basis for a subculture when the members of that nationality group identify with it and base at least some of their behaviors on the norms of the national group. Ethnic subculture is usually found in affluent countries where people might from other parts of the wor1d with the hope of a better life and live-li-hood. . 1. 1 Character i. It is based on the original nationality ii. Migrated from one country to another or one locality to another. iii. Though the citizens of a particular country see themselves as citizens of that country, but they frequently retain a sense of pride and identification in the tradition and language of their ancestors. iv. Pattered network of groups and organization v. Ethnic subculture provides a psychological source of group identification. 3. 1. 2 Consu mption pattern When ethnic subculture comes to consumer behavior, this ancestral pride is manifested most strongly in the consumption of ethnic foods, in travel to homeland and in the purchase of numerous cultural artifacts. Ethnic clothing, art, music and foreign language newspaper are the commodities which are preferred by the ethnic subcultural people. One’s interest in ethnic goods and services expands rapidly, as one tends to better understand and associates with his ethnic origin. 3. 1. 3 Marketing program To reach this ethnic subcultural people a marketer should understand the consumption pattern of that subculture. In Bangladesh there are foreigner ( people comes from Europe, Australia, USA) who come for their job purpose, but staying in Bangladesh for a long tine, may form a ethnic subculture and prefer fast food, long skirt, trouser, jogging shoe, golf course etc. So marketer should understand the need of this ethnic subcultural people and meet their unsatisfied need. Beharies are the greatest example of ethnic subculture. They use to speak in Urdu. Prefer food like kabab and parata. So to reach them marketer can take niche marketing strategy. 2. Working ladies sub-cultural Through the process of development, the number of working ladies is increasing day by day. The consumption pattern of these ladies varies as they have to maintain their work place as well as a family life. 3. 2. 1 Character i. They have a very short time to prepare food. ii. They have to do their household activity as well as maintain a working life. iii. Sometime they have to stay away their family 3. 2. 3 Consumption pattern This subcultural group used to consume ready food and less time consuming equipment to wash and prepare food like washing machine, micro-wave oven. 4. Marketing program to reach Marketer should take strategy like ready food as 3munites nodules, packet spice and ingredients, washing machine and home cleaner. Ladies hostel for those women who have to stay outside the home. 3. 3 Religious An individual’s religious affiliation influences to great extent his consumption pattern. Those who belong to a particular religion may buy/not buy and use/not use certain goods and services. 3. 3. 1 Character Members of a particular religion constitute what we call religious subculture. Religious beliefs and rituals may dictate the use of certain items and discourage the consumption of others. The bondage or the attachment to religious belief guides a religious person. If the bondage of religion is strong, life will be guided by religious belief rather than logic and vice versa. i. They consume some item heavily during religious festival. ii. Certain items are restricted by the religious belief to consume. iii. Some stimuli influence the consumption. 3. 3. 2 Consumption pattern Muslims buy and consume certain specific food items heavily during the month of ‘Ramadan and buy lot of gifts during the ‘Eid-Ul-Fitr, and discourages its followers the consumption of certain items such as alcoholic beverage. . Marketing program to reach A devout member of ‘Islam’ may consider it immoral to be materialistic, where another member of the same religion may find nothing wrong in becoming materialistic. A marketer of cine-magazine will have no problem in reaching the later person, where it will be almost impossible for him to penetrate the market consisting of pe ople of the other mentality and religious beliefs. So a marketer should be very sensitive to determine a product or service for that particular group of people. 3. 4 Regional The way people lead their lifestyles may also vary according to where they live or from which part of the country they have moved to the other part of the country. People from a particular part of the country or people living in a particular part constitute what we call regional or geographic subculture. On this basis, there could be two different types of regional or geographic subculture. One could be based on geographic region of the country and other could be based on urban, suburban or rural distinction. 3. 4. 1 Character i. Where people live in, the part of a particular country has a certain influence in consumption. ii. The region where from he come has certain consumption pattern. iii. Ecological climate vary and that dictate the consumption. 3. 4. 2 Consumption pattern People from Sylhet, like certain food and beverage, like ‘shatkora’ one kind of lemon, which is used in preparing beef. People from Chittagong like spicy food. Fish is consumed by ever here in Bangladesh, but dry fish is consumed heavily by people living in the southern and coastal areas of Bangladesh. Those living in the hill districts display different patterns in food consumption, housing, and recreation than those of the people living in the other parts of the country. Different geographic regions of the country pose different problems that consumers must solve. The most obvious of these are the climatic conditions. Climatic conditions influence home construction clothing requirements, and recreational opportunities to name but a few. In addition, different regions of the country have different age distributions and different social histories. These variables in combination with the climatic variables have produced differing values and lifestyles which newcomers to a region generally acquire after a period of time. These regional variations influence the use of particular media, the types of products used, and the product attributes considered important. 3. 4. 3 Marketing program to reach Marketer should study the characteristics of that region and the people. A marketer should segment his market to satisfy every group. If s/he produces noodles for every segment he should prepare separate flavor and test. Regional nature, variety should be adopted for the product of service. Regional subcultures clearly influence many aspect of consumer behavior. The consumption process also is influenced by the urban, suburban, and rural distinctions, another type of regional subculture. The urban, and suburbanpeople, prefer ready or instant food, prefer eating out and enjoy their leisure in a way different from rural people. So marketer should identify this subcultural people to serve with certain marketing strategy. 3. 5 Age Subcultures may also be based on the age differences of people living in the same country and belonging to the same main culture. It is likely that those who belong to the teen age group will behave quite differently than those to the teen age group will behave quite differently. Because the outlooks, experiences, attitudes and other aspects vary among people of different age groups, their consumption patterns are likely to vary. 3. 5. 1 Teen agers: The teen agers are to be influenced more by popular heroes and heroines and will display more materialistic lifestyles. The youth market is a significant subculture for the marketer It is important to marketers not- only because it is lucrative, but also because many consumption patterns held throughout life are formed at this time. The youth, as they start their career in this age are flaunt with more luxury items. Since they have little obligation at this can spend whatever they are. Their consumption patterns lean toward personal care and luxury items. 3. 5. 2 The middle aged: This group on the- contrary are matured, worried about the future and making purchase decisions. As an attempt to build a reserve for the future, they are likely to be conservative in buying many material goods, and are found to investments. 3. 5. 3 The elderly people: They display quite different consumption behaviors with that of teen-agers and middle aged people. The elderly subculture consists of people who have gone on retirements or whose regular income generating activities have ceased. 3. 5. 3. 1 Characteristic i. Most of them live with their children; ii. Their health conditions gradually deteriorate; iii. They have emotional difficulties iv. They have minimum amount of money at hands to spend v. They are price/value conscious; vi. They are deal prone; like to shop as it has special meaning; are tuned in to the mass media vii. Read direct mail, package labels, and package inserts. These few characteristics make them behave quite differently than other groups. Because of their differences with other groups, they also require different types of products. 4. Marketing Strategy The elderly people, because of deteriorating health, will require more fat free foods, tonic items, medical advices and medication as well as hospitalization. Since they have limited incomes, they prefer comparison shopping. Because of their maturity and different attitudes, they are skeptical of advertising claims and are influenced more by the informed sources. The emergence of elderly market has created a need for many different types of products sue as old people’s clubs and a number of other products and services. Personal selling is more effective, should be remain careful about the problems of communicating with the elderly. 3. 6 Singles The singles subculture consists of unmarried individuals. This subculture is found to be increasing in urban and semi-urban areas. The size of this subculture is gradually becoming prominent to call a special marketing attention. Quite a few reasons are associated with the growing size of the subculture of the singles. 3. 6. 1 Character They could be delaying marriage; postponement of marriage; higher divorce rates; inability to find a suitable source of earning to bear family expenditures and so on. The singles have some special needs. Which can not be met through normal social interaction. 2. Marketing program to reach Marketers who can recognize their specific needs and can develop products aimed at meeting those specific needs can reap a considerable benefit. ingles night clubs; exotic telephone talk services, dating services, artificial sexual organs, bachelors’ hostels/mess, product that promise sex appeals, convenience foods, restaurants, sports equipment, etc. , could be some of the examples of products and services aimed at the subculture of singles. In a country like ours, the singles subculture is growing prominent in the urban areas, and as a result lot of hostels for both males and females have been established aiming to provide accommodation services to singles. 3. 7 Gender Subculture may also be formed based on gender difference, such as subculture of males and subculture of females. Since every society emphasizes distinct, specific roles for men and women, they are likely to behave differently. 3. 7. 1 Characteristic i. As their behaviors vary, they consume differenttypes of products and respond differently to marketing appeals. ii. Men are influenced more by aggressiveness, competitiveness, independence, self-confidence, and masculinity. iii. Women are influenced by neatness, gentleness, tactfulness, talkativeness, and feminity. 3. 7. 2 Marketing Strategy There are products which are equally used by men and women. But, different appeals in the same product are needed for these two groups. Cosmetics, perfumes, clothing, bicycles etc. , are used both by men and women. But different designs, colors, sizes, shapes, and fragrances are provided for by the marketers to appeal people of different sex. Bicycle is designed differently for men and women. Even promotional appeals are made different for these two groups. Again, among the females, those who are professionals, behave differently than those of non professionals /housewives. The working women, particularly those, who are married, will again require different types of products and services that may not be bought by unmarried working women. The shopping patterns of these two groups will also vary. Since characteristics, attitudes, and needs vary between these two groups they may be considered as two different market segments. 3. 8 Occupation People display different patterns of purchase behaviors according to their occupational involvement. People of different occupations may constitute occupational subcultures, such as subculture of the doctors, subculture of the lawyers, subculture of the teachers, subculture of the engineers, subculture of the defense personnel. . 8. 1 Characteristics A defense officer, will show different purchase behavior than someone belonging to the civilians’ society. Doctors’ may look at the nutritional aspect while buying a food item. 2. Marketing Strategy Marketers should recognize the differences in attitudes and behaviors among people of different occupations and formulate marketing strategies accordingly to be successful in each specific subculture. 3. 9 Social Class Social c lass may also be used as a determinant of subcultural differences. There could be subculture of the well-offs, subeulture of the middle class and subculture of the poor. 3. 9. 1 Rich subculture: People belonging to the subculture of the rich will display altogether different buying behavior than those of middle class and poor’s. Rich will be very selective in their purchases; 3. 9. 2 Middle-class Subculture: People of the middle class will have substantial control over their consumption decisions; poors will be very careful and cautious in taking their purchase decisions. 3. 9. Poor’s Subculture: The subculture of poverty consists of people living below the poverty line. Because of their low incomes, they will avoid buying pre-packed, instant, frozen food items as they are likely to be costlier than the fresh staple or as they have limited educational opportunities, they develop different attitudes, outlooks, and motivation resulting in different buying behaviors on the part of them. Most of their incomes are spent on basic necessities such as food, and housing. Only a small amount of their incomes are spent on clothing, transportation, recreation, and luxury. They basically look at low-cost items, favor shops where they get credit, and are attracted by different inducements offered by the marketers. 4. 0 CONCLUSION Subculture may be categorized into many different classes. Though in Bangladesh consist many subculture, we consider some of the important subcultural groups and show how they affect consumption and marketing decision. Because of the important differences within any culture, marketers must be aware of diverse subcultures -examining them individually and on their own terms. Those identified with a subculture tend to think and act alike in certain respects, and this has important implications for their lifestyle. Recognition of this has led to experimentation with market segmentation as a means of developing effective marketing strategy adapted to market targets that are believed to ha special promise. Marketers must recognize that even though their operations are confined to a particular country, or a division or district, or even to one city, subcultural differences’ may dictate considerable variations in what, how and when people buy. To deal with these differences effectively, marketers may have to alter their product, distribution systems, price, or promotion to satisfy members of particular subcultures. Bibliography Books 1. Chowdhury, Ashraful Islam; Consumer Behavior; seventh edition. Bangladesh Open University; 2007. 2. Philip Kotler and Armstrong Gray (2006); Principles of Marketing, Twelveth Edition 3. Lesikar, Raymond V and Marie E. Flatley. Basic Business Communication, 10th Edition. McGraw-Hill Company Inc. , New York 2005 Web sites http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Youth_subculture http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Subculture